Marjorie Furay: I'm doing good start the recording.
Isaac Ritz: Not bad, not bad.
Sydney Pearson: The biggest.
Marjorie Furay: Hello all and welcome.
Marjorie Furay: Two master class this evening, August 27th, 2023.
Marjorie Furay: Appreciate you all guys, you guys showing up for some great master class presentations this evening.
Marjorie Furay: She have a lot of fun. It's always something new, which I love and there's always something going on and the word is getting out there. Instructors are loving it. I don't know how they're finding it, but I am putting it on to PGI pods so.
Marjorie Furay: I think they're watching them, which is really cool.
Sydney Pearson: Wherever we have our own podcast who's doing it, that's awesome.
Marjorie Furay: Well.
Marjorie Furay: I built it and I keep putting things up on it, but yeah, we can do our own podcasts in the internship if we want to.
Marjorie Furay: I will put it up there. So right now I'm putting master class up there and I have all of docs on there and I have some from Tina. I have some from other companies you know, so it's pretty cool. She got a PGI pods.com.
Marjorie Furay: OK so.
Marjorie Furay: We have.
Marjorie Furay: Transcript.
Marjorie Furay: This evening we have Isaac Ritz. We have.
Marjorie Furay: Timer Richardson and Srikanth gubbala.
Marjorie Furay: Over said that right, I think I did.
Marjorie Furay: Isaac, Are you ready to present?
Isaac Ritz: I am a it might be a little short though I I really hope not, but UM.
Isaac Ritz: I was really trying not to rabbit hole. Is it fine if it? If it's like a little under 15?
Isaac Ritz: Minutes.
Marjorie Furay: Yeah, because we'll have a a question and answer also you know, so if anybody has any questions about what you're talking about, well, well.
Isaac Ritz: OK. And I did include, I did include some questions that even I thought of like, OK, someone's gonna have to.
Marjorie Furay: Right, exactly. OK.
Isaac Ritz: Someones gonna want the answer to these, so for that goes Paul. But yeah, I have my own slides here.
Marjorie Furay: Good.
Isaac Ritz: So go ahead and share these.
Isaac Ritz: OK.
Isaac Ritz: I'm just making sure I could.
Isaac Ritz: I'm trying to get it to where I can pull it up on the side.
Marjorie Furay: No problem.
Isaac Ritz: There we go. OK.
Isaac Ritz: So I was going to do presentation on malware analysis.
Isaac Ritz: So this is sort of a a specialization on something that's many. We considered already specialized, right? So.
Isaac Ritz: In cybersecurity? Well, I didn't mean to move forward. Yet. In cybersecurity, we really can understand that as a specialization on computer science, right, information technology, and really focusing on the security aspects of technology. And as a whole.
Isaac Ritz: But there are so many different paths that can take.
Isaac Ritz: And one of those that you, you might find yourself coming across, especially as you get more.
Isaac Ritz: Into the advanced line of work.
Isaac Ritz: I'll consider it a little more niche, but not really it. It's sort of a.
Isaac Ritz: The evolution of of where you would get with your skill as you follow along, sort of a a blue team path and I'll give where I get where I'm going with that very shortly here.
Isaac Ritz: But I'm gonna go over things like.
Isaac Ritz: The actual salary and crew expertise as you can.
Isaac Ritz: You can see uh front like in job descriptions and such.
Isaac Ritz: We'll be leading into basically.
Isaac Ritz: What you'd expect day-to-day if you were to go into mail malware analytics, which really you won't see much of a difference from as as as you can see up there, advanced blue teaming, you won't see much of a difference from someone like an soca analyst.
Isaac Ritz: I'm really a lot of blue, blue teaming jobs.
Isaac Ritz: So.
Isaac Ritz: Salary career opportunities? What are we looking at?
Isaac Ritz: Well, we can expect sort of a around a 33% ish increase in the next few years. I would say in the next couple decades.
Isaac Ritz: For the cybersecurity market.
Isaac Ritz: Which is really incredible when comparing 2 things like like our average.
Isaac Ritz: Or average job increase? Uh, job opportunities in the US is is pretty low. I I believe it's around 6 to 8%.
Isaac Ritz: Don't quote me on that, but.
Isaac Ritz: We already know service security is a huge field and it's growing even more as technology that's expanding it. I would consider the exponential as long as we keep advancing.
Isaac Ritz: Umm, and malware analysis is right up there with it, so we can see that on par with everything else in our area, we can see that matching up to what we would see with the regular penetration tester job, we could see that in our soces we can see that with our management teams in it and everyone who does compliance and risk analysis.
Isaac Ritz: What we're looking at here is I have a more region centric salary right here in the top left. So that's how much a malware analyst makes it, Louisville, KY.
Isaac Ritz: And then I have something more US wide. So if you look at it a little carefully, yeah, there's big numbers there that that seem to be a wide range. If you look at a little carefully.
Isaac Ritz: The range is even wider.
Isaac Ritz: I got these.
Isaac Ritz: Is numbers from glass door, so that's a very popular site for trying to figure out salary estimates when you're you know when you're actually looking for these jobs and how much you might expect when you go into them.
Isaac Ritz: So in total in the US, you might expect sort of an average of around 87,000 a year.
Isaac Ritz: I believe this is an average, not a meat, not a median amount, so more of a like a middle amount. You might end up seeing a little higher.
Isaac Ritz: But it's a huge range and it really depends on the company you work at. Are you working at a Fortune 500? Are you working for a local business and?
Isaac Ritz: It can really.
Isaac Ritz: This can really translate across the board for a lot of our technology jobs is you'll see a huge hey gap.
Isaac Ritz: From company to company. And while experience does play into that, I I believe it does matter who you work for in the end.
Isaac Ritz: Now.
Isaac Ritz: As I said, experience doesn't matter to an extent. So while we're looking at.
Isaac Ritz: A big pay range here.
Isaac Ritz: It's really going to matter what kind of experience you're going into it with, so.
Isaac Ritz: This is in advanced.
Isaac Ritz: Position.
Isaac Ritz: If you were to go into malware analytics, you can't go into this.
Isaac Ritz: With nothing, basically. So where we're at right now coming up, it's most people here are coming towards the end of their degrees, whether that's in a bachelor degree or a master's degree, right?
Isaac Ritz: You are setting yourself up as a whole to be in a very good spot, but.
Isaac Ritz: In our in our day and age, a bachelor's degrees really entry level, right? So we're looking at a four year, four years experience, but it.
Isaac Ritz: Most of the time.
Isaac Ritz: Won't be enough.
Isaac Ritz: With just the degree.
Isaac Ritz: So with malware analytics, you'll probably want to go into.
Isaac Ritz: Certifications and more specialty but.
Isaac Ritz: Also look into.
Isaac Ritz: Starting somewhere else and then getting to this position within that company, if that makes sense. So if you're working for a company.
Isaac Ritz: It's better to work your way up.
Isaac Ritz: Than to find it on a job search website.
Isaac Ritz: So.
Isaac Ritz: We're in a good position right now that's degree.
Isaac Ritz: What kind of degrees could we could we really get to reach this point of malware analytics?
Isaac Ritz: And by the way, I will be getting into.
Isaac Ritz: What exactly this kind of job is and?
Isaac Ritz: More on that area. I thought this would just be easier to start with because everyone's gonna understand the numbers, but.
Isaac Ritz: Bachelor's degree in cybersecurity is great. That's security centric. It's technology focused but with specialty and insecurity, you know.
Isaac Ritz: But it might help to.
Isaac Ritz: Branch out a little more and have a more.
Isaac Ritz: All-encompassing degree, so computer science works perfectly for something with uh, malware analytics.
Isaac Ritz: I would suggest.
Isaac Ritz: Even more so in computer engineering.
Isaac Ritz: And from speaking with advisers at schools.
Isaac Ritz: Those types of degrees it can. It can also help to have something like a degree in math.
Isaac Ritz: But that's where the certifications come in. So it's great to have the base level bachelors degree going into whatever you want to go into, but.
Isaac Ritz: Those certifications are really going to come in handy, so I'll be talking about that later. We do have a slide for that and I do have sort of a path that we can look down.
Isaac Ritz: Sorry, one second. My cast me like I'm gonna let her out of the room.
Isaac Ritz: Hey, excuse me for that. So what is a malware analysis? What are what is a malware analyst going to be doing in their day-to-day? Well, I'm being very specific with that title, but you might end up being a under other titles and actually researching malware. So in reality, a malware analyst, it's really just a glorified.
Isaac Ritz: SoC analyst. Someone who's working in Blue Team Blue team type type of defense operations so security operations centers.
Isaac Ritz: Those analysts they're working on incident response. They're working on reports and logging and.
Isaac Ritz: By malware analysis.
Isaac Ritz: All that's saying is that that SoC analyst would take on the responsibility, excuse me, responsibility of.
Isaac Ritz: Looking at.
Isaac Ritz: What occurred after the fact? If there was a breach, so if.
Isaac Ritz: If now where were to find its way onto a workstation?
Isaac Ritz: It's up to that that malware analyst.
Isaac Ritz: To look into that and figure out, OK, how did this get here? What is it trying to do?
Isaac Ritz: Can we do anything with this and and you know how is it working? How is it even doing what it's trying to do?
Isaac Ritz: That's the whole point. So.
Isaac Ritz: When we're looking at it like that.
Isaac Ritz: You can see that can be a wide range of people that might end up fulfilling this role. So while I did say it's a very advanced role.
Isaac Ritz: You might not end up seeing this rule as specifically a malware analyst. You might see it labeled as something else, but.
Isaac Ritz: They'll take on these responsibilities, so it's blue team oriented, right?
Isaac Ritz: Everything is going to be occurring where.
Isaac Ritz: It's.
Isaac Ritz: It's coming to you basically. Now there are some things online. Uh of really popular GitHub repo.
Isaac Ritz: A repository.
Isaac Ritz: Collects malware basically and use that as sort of a research based where they collect obfuscated programs.
Isaac Ritz: Excuse me.
Isaac Ritz: They clicked obfuscated programs. They'll deobfuscate it sometimes.
Isaac Ritz: Umm. And it really depends on who's providing it.
Isaac Ritz: And they use it as sort of a glossary of. OK, here's all this information. Do what you will with it.
Isaac Ritz: In the background, I'm actually going to be. I'm gonna be trying to find that as we go along because I cannot remember the name for the life of me, but I'll find that for you all. And we'll go back to it.
Isaac Ritz: Umm, because it is very interesting.
Isaac Ritz: But.
Isaac Ritz: Like I said, it's blue team oriented, so it's not really you going out and finding the malware, it's.
Isaac Ritz: It's.
Isaac Ritz: Doing your research.
Isaac Ritz: Seeing vulnerabilities and what kind of.
Isaac Ritz: Exploits are out there.
Isaac Ritz: And then seeing how those will vulnerabilities are used. So if malware is involved.
Isaac Ritz: Not really malware per se. Actually it's. It's more like if there's scripting involved. If there's code involved, how does that code assist in creating that exploited vulnerability so we can see that in?
Isaac Ritz: Anything, anything lower level.
Isaac Ritz: So it might end up being.
Isaac Ritz: April is escalation on an operating system, so something that actually affects the machine itself, not really. Your web app, web applications or anything like that.
Isaac Ritz: It's very likely that we'll be looking at at a lot of scripting as from malware analyst standpoint.
Isaac Ritz: I cannot find this.
Isaac Ritz: OK. Well, like I said, we'll we'll get back to that. I'm sorry.
Isaac Ritz: Anyway.
Isaac Ritz: With malware analysis.
Isaac Ritz: There is dynamic and there's static.
Isaac Ritz: And what do we really? What do we really mean when I'm saying that?
Isaac Ritz: So.
Isaac Ritz: It'd be easier to start with static analysis, so we can sort of infer just on those words alone what I'm talking about. But by static, I'm really saying, OK, you're going to take and look at these files.
Isaac Ritz: Very passively, you're not going to do anything with them, but you're going to observe them.
Isaac Ritz: And see those functions without actually making them do anything. So like I said, they're passive research on files, programs and what their properties are. So huge part of that could be looking at file extensions, maybe opening the code itself.
Isaac Ritz: Uh, really? There are a lot of programs out there that can help you actually look into it more. So that's where reverse engineering can come in.
Isaac Ritz: So if you.
Isaac Ritz: If you've had any experience with this, you might be familiar with tools like gidra or I believe Cutter and Ida.
Isaac Ritz: These are.
Isaac Ritz: What would be the word disassemblers?
Isaac Ritz: They can take programs, open them up for you, and let you sort of run through the assembly code. So by assembly code I'm talking about.
Isaac Ritz: That sort of middle man.
Isaac Ritz: Language between something like.
Isaac Ritz: The C programming language and binary.
Isaac Ritz: It's sort of along the path to the point where it's still human readable.
Isaac Ritz: Just barely. And it's just at the point of turning into machine code along that path.
Isaac Ritz: We'll get more into that in a second.
Isaac Ritz: But.
Isaac Ritz: Passive research. That's really.
Isaac Ritz: The summary of static malware analysis, but you can go even further into this so we can also look at it from a dynamic perspective and the whole point of that is seeing, OK, what is it going to do when it's actually running?
Isaac Ritz: There are.
Isaac Ritz: There are types of programs that may change as they're running.
Isaac Ritz: Now you might be able to go into code if you're lucky. It might not be obfuscated. You could actually read it right.
Isaac Ritz: If you're lucky, you might be able to see that. OK, it's going to change when.
Isaac Ritz: This happens, or if it logs this event or if it notices Internet Explorer opening, it's going to cause this kind of change or it's gonna start this script.
Isaac Ritz: Or create a file or something.
Isaac Ritz: But.
Isaac Ritz: It's much easier to see that in the controlled environment.
Isaac Ritz: OK, when it starts running, I notice this change happened and I was able to monitor that with this software that I have running in the background.
Isaac Ritz: It's much easier to see from identity dynamic perspective.
Isaac Ritz: Something like polymorphic or metamorphic code. So if.
Isaac Ritz: With very sophisticated malware, it might end up recreating itself in a way that will change each signature hash.
Isaac Ritz: But it won't change the functions of the malware itself.
Isaac Ritz: If that happens, static malware analysis can be a much more tedious.
Isaac Ritz: Job because things are changing and you're trying to reread something that you might have read already, and it's something completely different, but it's doing the exact same thing.
Isaac Ritz: Dynamic analysis. You're gonna be looking at it. You're gonna be looking at the process flow and figuring out, OK, this is exactly what it's done.
Isaac Ritz: And this is how it got there. This is what changed along the way.
Isaac Ritz: Now.
Isaac Ritz: Right under this, you'll see that I have listed.
Isaac Ritz: A few different paths you can take.
Isaac Ritz: So this is daily operations, but like I said, it's much more likely that you're going to see someone under a different position or label differently. Is it going to be taking on these responsibilities as they go along?
Isaac Ritz: It just depends on how advanced and they are and how much skill they have.
Isaac Ritz: Please don't tell me I was muted the whole time.
Alyssa Prater: You were not.
Landon Moore: We heard you.
Yvette Lareaux: They can hear you.
Isaac Ritz: OK, Boo.
Isaac Ritz: I just had a heart attack. Uh, my my microphone has like a little clip thing and it looked like he was muted.
Isaac Ritz: Whoo. OK. Thank you.
Isaac Ritz: Anyway.
Isaac Ritz: I lost track for a second.
Isaac Ritz: You'll be looking at different labels, right? So someone who might actually partake in malware analysis and actually these these sort of more difficult jobs in reverse engineering or even instant handling that you might see. Just associate analysts do. It might be from a forensics background, so someone who is supposed to come in investigate.
Isaac Ritz: And figure out what happened after a breach.
Isaac Ritz: They might not be part of the team normally, but it could also be someone like from a government perspective.
Isaac Ritz: Umm, this is really.
Isaac Ritz: I would see computer forensics as sort of.
Isaac Ritz: You might see this on your on your CSI shows if if that makes sense for you.
Isaac Ritz: There you people who come in and try to figure out the problem and and how it got to that point.
Isaac Ritz: They're following the event they're following not only the path that a program might have taken, so the malware analysis part.
Isaac Ritz: But really, what intruder might have done along the way, and how someone might have interacted with the network, who that person is and.
Isaac Ritz: Really, the steps to get there. So I would say that that's probably the most closely relevant to what I'm talking about right now. But there are also your incident response teams, so someone who might be either on base or hired on from management service provider, a security operations center, your incident response teams, they're the first in line right there, your frontline that they're going to be there the 2nd that anything suspicious happens one of these people are going to be the ones that actually notice some kind of change.
Isaac Ritz: They're probably the ones that see. OK, this guy quarantined.
Isaac Ritz: By our antivirus. Let's hand this over to.
Isaac Ritz: Forensics or our actual malware analysts as they are titled.
Isaac Ritz: You might end up working in Security Operations center under these things.
Isaac Ritz: Or really, you might end up in an antivirus company, so some more like Malwarebytes.
Isaac Ritz: Or.
Isaac Ritz: McAfee.
Isaac Ritz: And in this position, it's going to be a lot more revert to engineering and a lot more.
Isaac Ritz: Research oriented because not only are you going to be looking at incident response and things like that.
Isaac Ritz: Internally, but it's very much more likely that you're going to be looking into research for the antivirus itself and trying to improve it.
Isaac Ritz: So in order to do so, you need to see a signatures. You need to see how malware works. You might not have a signature based antivirus. You might have something like blackberries silence, which is actually based on its machine learning. So it's based on the behavior of certain programs and trying to find.
Isaac Ritz: OK, what's suspicious behavior? How is malware going to act on the machine and how is that different in comparison to what would be normal operations on that computer?
Isaac Ritz: So really this is going to be.
Isaac Ritz: I would say your most crucial area for a malware analyst to end up at.
Isaac Ritz: Now reverse engineering. What do I mean by this? What do I mean by assembly language? And really, how far can you go down that rabbit hole? Because like I said I I tried to keep it short just because this can be an entire topic on its own.
Isaac Ritz: Now.
Isaac Ritz: If you haven't heard about it.
Isaac Ritz: Assembly language is sort of.
Isaac Ritz: Like I said, it's the in between.
Isaac Ritz: Umm, so everyone here has started programming, I would hope.
Isaac Ritz: But if not, it's really how we interact with our computer, right? So assembly language is just sort of a lower version of that it's.
Isaac Ritz: If you think of the word, if you've ever heard of opcodes.
Isaac Ritz: If you ever looked at something like this in purple.
Isaac Ritz: And we're wondering, OK, what does this even mean? That's probably simply language that you were looking at.
Isaac Ritz: This up here is just another version of it. There's different types of it, so we would be looking at something like X86 assembly language arm.
Isaac Ritz: Assembly language and.
Isaac Ritz: We can kind of compare this to C.
Isaac Ritz: At the closest, I would say sees.
Isaac Ritz: Is he's probably. It is much more readable, but it's probably there are closest to assembly that someone might be willing to learn without, you know, getting a headache immediately.
Isaac Ritz: That's saying something, but.
Isaac Ritz: Yes. So we can see a process here of someone actually working with the computer, right. So we might see even Java would be a good example here. They're using C in this. So it's hashtag include studio H.
Isaac Ritz: This is this is C language. It's very simple, it's compiled and it's taken out into.
Isaac Ritz: This is not. This is not assembly, but that's by. That's a binary right there, of course.
Isaac Ritz: I just took. I just took the the closest I can get to an actual graph. It might have been better for me to make it, but it takes it takes whatever language you have.
Isaac Ritz: It rewrites it and it goes into assembly and then that's the final step or it it goes through it, goes through some other steps, but in a major aspect, that's what it gets to before it's turned into machine code and something readable for it actual processor.
Isaac Ritz: When you have something like an executable file.
Isaac Ritz: Uh, something that you might double click on your screen and actually opens up a program for you. Even a video game, it could be, it could be.
Isaac Ritz: Really any, any random tool that you might have that endsin.exe if you're using Windows?
Isaac Ritz: If it double clicks in and you can open it, you might be able to use something like gidra to disassemble that program and what happens is it lets it doesn't let you read source code necessarily, but it lets you read a dissembled version of the program that results in the assembly language.
Isaac Ritz: And.
Isaac Ritz: The closest you can get to a human readable format without.
Isaac Ritz: Actually decompiling it and getting back to the source code.
Isaac Ritz: That can be difficult sometimes, especially if you know you have encrypted source code or or.
Isaac Ritz: Like I said, it can be a little bit of a rabbit hole going down that path, but.
Isaac Ritz: It can be very important for malware analysts to at least have a basic familiarity with source code, not source code assembly language, in order to actually understand what they're looking at. If they were to use a disassembler like Hydra.
Isaac Ritz: Now I did mention some Security Service certifications earlier because these can be very helpful for you and actually.
Isaac Ritz: Getting a foothold into what you wanna do.
Isaac Ritz: Both before you get to that position and as you're there and how to prove like, improve your salary and also make your way up the ladder.
Isaac Ritz: Now you might see a wide range here, but I tried to. I tried to categorize as much as possible. If you look on the left, these are more blue team based.
Isaac Ritz: To an extent.
Isaac Ritz: I took all of these from.
Isaac Ritz: Paul Jeremys Road map, which is an incredible website.
Isaac Ritz: It'll show you just how absurd how many certifications are available.
Isaac Ritz: So I I hope this can kind of narrow it down if you are looking into this and you are interested.
Isaac Ritz: You might see more of Blue team on the left side. This I would consider this probably easier coming from my perspective of cybersecurity, but if you're coming from more of a software development side, this right side over here might be a little easier for you instead. So we have the CompTIA cyber security analyst plus it's also shortened to see why a I believe.
Isaac Ritz: Then you have security blue team level one. If you ever getting into the Blue team, you'll notice a lot of B TL-1-4.
Isaac Ritz: Those are very popular certifications for Blue team.
Isaac Ritz: Umm. Then I.
Isaac Ritz: I didn't really have much.
Isaac Ritz: I I didn't really have much to go off of.
Isaac Ritz: Beyond that, where it was sort of a middle area.
Isaac Ritz: It it really does. Like I said, it is a very advanced subject. It kind of jumps to that point after you already have a base and you already know where you're doing.
Isaac Ritz: But I would consider, like I said, forensics.
Isaac Ritz: Incident response to be sort of that stepping point if you got to that, you're already an amazing position to move on to malware analysis. If you aren't that at that point already, so.
Isaac Ritz: G has a lot of really good GIC, has a really a a lot of good certifications in this field. So we have incident handler forensics and reverse engineering.
Isaac Ritz: And then on this side, it's more of an exploit developer.
Isaac Ritz: Umm, so really, you're looking at racing analyst from Infosec and Elearn security exploit developer.
Isaac Ritz: GITA C Python coder.
Isaac Ritz: And like I said, it might be a little short. I don't know how much time I took. I apologize.
Isaac Ritz: But I wanted to take time for questions and if no one did have any questions, I included a few here just for inspiration. If you wanted me to go over these, let me know.
Marjorie Furay: So Evette was asking if he could share that.
Marjorie Furay: Link you were just talking about.
Isaac Ritz: Oh yeah, absolutely it. It's on, it's in the work site, but I'm gonna actually post that in the chat here.
Isaac Ritz: And I'm seeing that there are a few other questions I'm gonna get to those in just a second.
Marjorie Furay: OK.
Isaac Ritz: And yeah, you're you're welcome, absolutely.
Isaac Ritz: And Sydney said.
Isaac Ritz: Why should we and company focus on getting certs? If you think about it, our parents and many teachers didn't have any certs and new computers as it changed. Why should we focus on Certs if we know what we are doing?
Isaac Ritz: That's.
Isaac Ritz: Honestly, I I was flabbergasted as well as as to how many are available and really how much we have to focus on them at this point in time because it's six years ago IT certifications weren't even close to necessary. You'd be fine with just your degree.
Isaac Ritz: Umm, you might be looking at like 2015. Go on like a forum and ask what kind of certifications should I get for this and everyone's gonna say nothing. Go work for the company and they'll teach you.
Isaac Ritz: We've.
Isaac Ritz: We've sort of flooded our market. There are a lot of people here with incredible skill, right, everyone? Everyone knows what they're doing and and.
Isaac Ritz: It to an extent at least. If they're here, it's because they were already in technology at some point.
Isaac Ritz: They have an extent of knowledge and then there's the people who have already been working at companies not, not to mention those who are just coming into it like you and I.
Isaac Ritz: Yeah, security based, but Sydney.
Isaac Ritz: Certifications I think.
Isaac Ritz: It it's really just a more recent thing and I I don't, I don't know. I really apologize that's that's the best I got for that because I did struggle with that as well trying to figure out exactly why I think it really was just a company.
Isaac Ritz: A company decision across the board. Everyone just wants to make sure they get the best of the best. With so many people coming into our field.
Isaac Ritz: Yeah.
Landon Moore: We also have to consider that technology is advancing very rapidly and the time you take to get it degree.
Landon Moore: Within a few years that gets outdated and certifications are a way to prove that you're still up to date.
Isaac Ritz: Oh, so very quickly. You're right.
Isaac Ritz: Uh.
Isaac Ritz: Especially with something like I said, this is this can be considered much more advanced.
Isaac Ritz: It it might take a lot more experience under your belt, so if you don't have certifications you might have.
Isaac Ritz: Like anywhere from 6 to 15 years in technology and security already, and that honestly might be that, that would probably be plenty to get into this area.
Landon Moore: Right.
Isaac Ritz: To attend any conferences.
Isaac Ritz: I have not.
Isaac Ritz: But honestly, I I would be. I would love to if I ever, you know, left my house left my computer.
Isaac Ritz: Yeah, it is security based, but if you like reverse engineering at all, it's a sampling language that's probably your foot in the door from the software side and then.
Isaac Ritz: You know, certification is along the way like like land. And I said certifications help show. OK, I understand this part, but here's what I'm best at, right?
Marjorie Furay: So.
Marjorie Furay: Go ahead.
Isaac Ritz: Oh yeah.
Alexander Montgomery: Uh, but additional question for you, if you still have time, so malware analysis and.
Alexander Montgomery: It with the rise of chatty PGIP T and code generators. Do you think there's going to be a sudden marked increase in different types of malware, or do you think we're going to see a effectively sit steady state where you already had so many distributors that the act of having an easier generator really won't make too much of a difference in the market?
Isaac Ritz: I.
Isaac Ritz: I honestly don't see it making too much of a difference just because in something like this it it especially to make something sophisticated you already have to know what you're doing.
Isaac Ritz: ChatGPT can be very good in inspirational.
Isaac Ritz: Tool.
Isaac Ritz: But to use it on its own without actually knowing what it's doing.
Isaac Ritz: It can really be detrimental and it's honestly not gonna work the way you want it to.
Isaac Ritz: That can that can be across the board with with just about anything, but especially with malware, if you wanted to make malware first, it's not going to cooperate with you just because it's gonna say it's ohh it's unethical.
Isaac Ritz: But.
Isaac Ritz: Pushing it to do it. It'll do it just in a really poor way. So it honestly, it's not gonna do too much now. Making actual different types of malware.
Isaac Ritz: That's a different story. Like I said, it's gonna be very good at giving people ideas.
Isaac Ritz: My imagination isn't that great, but I I feel like I feel like someone worked with ChatGPT to actually give themselves better inspiration where we're probably gonna see a few more types of malware go along as especially as we keep going and evolving technology wise.
Isaac Ritz: Yeah, passive necessity. This is like our baseline now, even though it used to be OK. This is our mid tier. This is our, this is our intermediate area now. Now it's entry level.
Isaac Ritz: But yeah, any any more questions right now?
Isaac Ritz: I'm sorry. It's Marjorie. I don't. I don't know how much time I used.
Isaac Ritz: I can go over these that I have on the board still or.
Marjorie Furay: No, you did good. I think you made your 15.
Isaac Ritz: Awesome. Perfect. Ohh.
Marjorie Furay: Absolutely. Yeah, you did great.
Landon Moore: And and then some.
Isaac Ritz: Yeah.
Marjorie Furay: Ohh OK yeah then so.
Isaac Ritz: Thank you.
Marjorie Furay: Alright.
Landon Moore: Although I wish she had talked about pushes and Papas.
Isaac Ritz: Ohh. Like like I said, it's a it's it's a rabbit hole that even even get any further than how I got.
Marjorie Furay: You know, I had a question I'm familiar with.
Marjorie Furay: Umm.
Marjorie Furay: Yeah. Now if I can remember the name of it.
Marjorie Furay: The the language that you were talking about.
Isaac Ritz: The C programming language.
Marjorie Furay: No, the other one, the.
Isaac Ritz: Like assembly or.
Isaac Ritz: Yeah.
Marjorie Furay: Assembly I'm familiar with assembly, but really when it comes down to it.
Marjorie Furay: What?
Marjorie Furay: Do we use assembly language for?
Isaac Ritz: You're probably not going to see many people just.
Isaac Ritz: Writing assembly language nowadays, that's. That's why it's so reverse engineering oriented.
Isaac Ritz: We it from a program in the programming world. We love abstraction. We wanna make things easier to think about to do. And programming languages are a huge part of that. So we have higher level, we have lower level, we have machine readable assembly. Language is along along the lines of that and we can.
Isaac Ritz: Take years and write out hello world and binary.
Isaac Ritz: Umm.
Isaac Ritz: But why do that when we can write it in assembly language, which that was many, many years ago? That was the way to to do things right. We could write it out and assembly language, but we've made things easier along the line since then and we've come up with actual abstraction in the form of real programming languages that are both lower level and upper level. So.
Isaac Ritz: Like your day-to-day Python that you would recognize Java, JavaScript.
Isaac Ritz: But yeah, yeah. And what you're gonna be end up what? You're gonna end up seeing in now is trying to break something down that already exists. So like I said, when you use a disassembler.
Isaac Ritz: It's going to those tools are going to end up breaking your program down into assembly because that's.
Isaac Ritz: That's sort of the closest it can get to rewriting itself.
Isaac Ritz: Without putting it into a programming language.
Isaac Ritz: I I honestly don't know enough to know why it's not gonna just put it in, put it into a language for you. I believe it's because the compilation process.
Isaac Ritz: Umm.
Isaac Ritz: But really, it instead of just showing you all the binary, it's going to show it to you in assembly language.
Landon Moore: Yep, but one of the biggest issues about this is gonna be very processor specific.
Isaac Ritz: Yeah. And that's where the the X86 and ARM processors come in.
Isaac Ritz: I think a lot of them, a lot of them try to stay competitive by like using the same assembly language, but.
Isaac Ritz: Uh.
Isaac Ritz: Yeah.
Landon Moore: Yeah, it's it's hard to use the same instruction code and but but it, but it's specific to the processor because you're really all it's doing is is queuing up the zeros and ones to be fed to the processor.
Isaac Ritz: Yeah.
Landon Moore: Or the core now.
Isaac Ritz: But I I hope that helps at least a little bit.
Marjorie Furay: It does because I was always thinking about that and because I teach.
Marjorie Furay: The fundamentals of it and something that we cover is assembly language as well as you know, C# and C and and Java and the rest of those. And I tell them this is what's, you know, assembly language looks like.
Marjorie Furay: But I'm never really sure what to tell them.
Marjorie Furay: It's used for to kind of skip over it, you know.
Isaac Ritz: Yeah.
Marjorie Furay: But that did help.
Landon Moore: We used to use it for hardware developing the the software to run the hardware.
Marjorie Furay: Gotcha. See, that makes sense, absolutely.
Isaac Ritz: Right. Com. That's where the like. Computer engineering.
Marjorie Furay: Mm-hmm.
Isaac Ritz: Area and a lot of lower level.
Marjorie Furay: Right.
Isaac Ritz: We're going to, I think, where we're at right now, it's it's more like see and just lower level programming languages that that way we don't have to write out in assembly just because it is so expensive to use.
Marjorie Furay: That makes perfect sense now. Thank you.
Isaac Ritz: Good stuff.
Marjorie Furay: Great job. Absolutely. Great job.
Isaac Ritz: Thank you.
Marjorie Furay: OK.
Marjorie Furay: Tamara, Tamara. I'm sorry. I never know how to say that name.
Tamara Richardson: I don't know how to say. How do you know how?
Tamara Richardson: It's tomorrow.
Marjorie Furay: OK.
Marjorie Furay: Yes.
Tamara Richardson: Is it echoing, echoing, echoing yes.
Tamara Richardson: OK, hold on. Let me hold on.
Tamara Richardson: OK, have no.
Marjorie Furay: Yeah, much better.
Yvette Lareaux: Better.
Tamara Richardson: OK.
Tamara Richardson: So.
Marjorie Furay: Can you share it or do you need me to pull it up?
Tamara Richardson: I'll let you do it because I'm taking so long.
Marjorie Furay: OK, let me see here.
Marjorie Furay: Training.
Marjorie Furay: Find the best way.
Marjorie Furay: I can do it.
Marjorie Furay: Now I'll share my screen.
Tamara Richardson: Yes.
Marjorie Furay: All right.
Tamara Richardson: OK. Greetings everyone.
Tamara Richardson: Greetings everyone. My name is Tamara Richardson. Tonight, my presentation is going to be over. What is a CBDC?
Tamara Richardson: Next slide please.
Tamara Richardson: OK. We will cover in this presentation what are CBD?
Tamara Richardson: See if.
Tamara Richardson: It's history, the benefits.
Tamara Richardson: And the cybersecurity risks, such as how central banks are protecting CBC CBDC accounts, also how to protect your personal CDC accounts.
Tamara Richardson: Next flight, please.
Tamara Richardson: Next slide please.
Tamara Richardson: What is a CBDC?
Tamara Richardson: See me these fans for Central Bank digital currency.
Tamara Richardson: Or also known as smart money.
Tamara Richardson: It is a distributor Ledger technology meaning.
Tamara Richardson: It keeps track.
Tamara Richardson: Of all the.
Tamara Richardson: In flux and.
Tamara Richardson: Outgoing transactions so incoming and outgoing transactions. It keeps a record of it.
Tamara Richardson: Just like any other regular bank.
Tamara Richardson: So when you go to.
Tamara Richardson: The fuel station and you scan your card.
Tamara Richardson: It's still gonna keep a track just like your regular debit card from your bank account is keeping transactions now, so it'll be the same thing.
Tamara Richardson: It is a utilized as a digital government issued currency.
Tamara Richardson: So.
Tamara Richardson: This is where.
Tamara Richardson: The transactions will be the same.
Tamara Richardson: However.
Tamara Richardson: The government will know where all of us are doing, so they'll know all your transactions. They'll know every everything.
Tamara Richardson: It is not a tangible commodity, meaning we can't touch it. It's it's like your credit card transactions now like how do you have the like? I already have them or like once again how your debit card transactions have been neutralized?
Tamara Richardson: The value is linked to the issuing countries official currency and backed by a central bank.
Tamara Richardson: So.
Tamara Richardson: People think Ohh money is going out. You know where we gonna do well? This will be a similar alternate. This will be the alternative. It's nothing, you know, it's just you want. We won't be able to touch money. It won't get wet in the rain, you know? And our pockets. We fall in a puddle. It won't get wet, you know but our.
Tamara Richardson: Our phones, you know, we fall in the.
Tamara Richardson: Next slide please. Our phones, if it falls into a puddle, will get what so?
Tamara Richardson: The history of CBDC.
Tamara Richardson: Well, in all honesty, it has been around for three decades. In 1993, the Bank of Finland launched the Avant smart card. Now, eventually this card, after about being on the market for like 2 years, IT it fizzled out. It didn't. It didn't work well for them.
Tamara Richardson: However, as technology advances.
Tamara Richardson: Technology technological advances have posed a decline in cash transactions, so we saw a huge surge of this during the peak of COVID-19. So two years ago, like 2022, when you were going in a facilities he and they would say, oh, no, we're not accepting cash. And you know, you're loaded with that paper, but you can't buy anything. Now you gotta do 2 or different.
Tamara Richardson: Different things come up with a, you know somebody else to get what you need that will accept that your cash or be prepared to make a credit card payment. So we we've already experienced that. You know we we've been experiencing it now there's still places that will not accept cars as a result of COVID.
Tamara Richardson: Central Bank round tables all over the world are now exploring their potential benefits. This is very true. Next next slide, everyone is this is like the top of the A discussion right now.
Tamara Richardson: Which is why I chose it, because before.
Tamara Richardson: I did this research I had no I heard about it. But you know, I didn't really. It really, really gave me a lot more knowledge about what's really going on. So yeah, all these countries. Thank you, are talking about this, for instance and.
Tamara Richardson: It's not really all that new. Like I said, 1993.
Tamara Richardson: Finland had a a smart card, you know, it fizzled out, but they did have it. So that was technically they would be known as the first, the next would be in 20.
Tamara Richardson: 19.
Tamara Richardson: 2020 I'm sorry, the Bahamas debut there.
Tamara Richardson: Saying dollar and that is a form of CBD C currency, central banking, central banking, digital currency. So they've started using that during the the beginning of the pandemic they were, you know, during that year they were using it. So during that peak when.
Tamara Richardson: Money we couldn't use cash in so many different places because of the hygiene concerns and the transference of COVID bake. Bahamas went on and kicked in and said well, now it's a good time to use that CBDC thing.
Tamara Richardson: UH-2021A year later, Nigeria unveiled their E Naira, which is also.
Tamara Richardson: Uh, a central banking digital currency.
Tamara Richardson: Just last year in September, China presented to the market their digital digital one.
Tamara Richardson: And three countries fully launched their CBDC version.
Tamara Richardson: They're gonna be doing that this year and in July 2022, there was nearly 100 CBDC's in research or development. So everybody's on it.
Tamara Richardson: Next slide please.
Tamara Richardson: This is.
Tamara Richardson: A visual of what? We just what I just discussed with you all these are the stats. So this shows how.
Tamara Richardson: Over a period of time over the last three years, how they have.
Tamara Richardson: Truly increased in you and usage as becoming a source of.
Tamara Richardson: Currency.
Tamara Richardson: And this is the map to the left, those that have implemented those that are doing research. Next slide please.
Tamara Richardson: Now let's Fast forward to 2023.
Tamara Richardson: March 1202365 countries are in the advanced stages of CBDC development and I was just saying in the previous slides that.
Tamara Richardson: That it was 100.
Tamara Richardson: 100 a year or so ago and now we're we're already 65 / 20. Central banks have launched their pilots, including Brazil, Japan and Russia.
Tamara Richardson: Three months.
Tamara Richardson: Three months into.
Tamara Richardson: 23 to 318 countries have decided to implement their CBDC's this year.
Tamara Richardson: Next slide please.
Tamara Richardson: There are two types of CBDC's wholesale CBDC primarily utilized by financial institutions such as banks retail CBDC.
Tamara Richardson: Utilize and retail CBDC utilized by individuals essentially as as digital cash. So that same example as I said.
Tamara Richardson: That whole one the same example that I mentioned previously about how?
Tamara Richardson: You know.
Tamara Richardson: How are we gonna do our transactions if we don't have cash, then that's our ready. It's it's like it's already been decided. You're not gonna have cash, so you're gonna. We're gonna be using in our retail transactions when it comes into play, we will be using.
Tamara Richardson: A CBDC card or our telephones.
Tamara Richardson: Next slide please.
Tamara Richardson: Some countries have chosen to already do both are like Brazil, Japan and.
Tamara Richardson: In Russia, those three that I mentioned previously, they have already chosen to utilize it in wholesale and retail.
Tamara Richardson: Benefits of the CBC?
Tamara Richardson: Well, with our current payment systems.
Tamara Richardson: Working in single jurisdictions with a single currency.
Tamara Richardson: It is believed that utilizing blockchain blockchain technology.
Tamara Richardson: Will make cross-border transactions quicker, smoother and more reliable.
Tamara Richardson: So when you go overseas and you wanna transfer money, you're gonna have to transfer our money. It's all gonna be done on a digital thing, so you won't have to transport. You won't have to worry about. Ohh, you know, I'm rolling with. I'm just cybersecurity, and I'm going on a trip and I packed up about 30 grand. You won't have to worry about that because it already be on your card. You know, nobody's gonna stop you and customs and be like, why are you traveling with so much money? So much dull.
Tamara Richardson: You're good, you know? So that's 11 worry. You won't have to worry about either.
Tamara Richardson: They are inherently not volatile, unlike crypto assets.
Tamara Richardson: So.
Tamara Richardson: There is a lot of people in the crypto world that have just been, you know, disappearing lately. If you have followed this at all. So like we won't have to deal with that because.
Tamara Richardson: That aspect because.
Tamara Richardson: Is already going to be on a card. Everybody's going to be using, you know, some sort of block chain technology. So you know, there won't be such such a spotlight on them or that are now using it in their safety. So that's one concern is well.
Tamara Richardson: Can improve resilience for domestic payment systems. While already kinda discuss that in the first asterisk or bullet.
Tamara Richardson: Where I was saying cross-border transactions will be quicker, smoother and more reliable while.
Tamara Richardson: We won't have to worry about that money conversion.
Tamara Richardson: Being done where we have to walk into the bank, waiting till line, all of that will like cease because we're working on.
Tamara Richardson: A digital format where we don't have tangible cache.
Tamara Richardson: It will foster more competition, which may lead to better access to money, increase efficiency and payments and in turn lower transaction costs.
Tamara Richardson: It will also improve transparency and money low, so that goes back to what I was saying and the on the first slide or the second slide that you know when we make our transactions like it would be seen.
Tamara Richardson: You know every it's already being seen in all honesty, but like it'll be seen and the government will see every transaction that we do.
Tamara Richardson: Also improve flows and could help reduce currency.
Tamara Richardson: Substitution.
Tamara Richardson: When a country uses a foreign country in addition to or instead of its own. So here's hoping when we do those transactions like we do now with tangible funds that.
Tamara Richardson: You know, maybe that interest rate that's such a variation and interest rate from country to country that might go away now if they do that, that would be a seriously big boot benefit. I haven't heard anything about it just yet, but I am positively looking forward to that.
Tamara Richardson: Because that's something that's like a headache. You know, if when you go to that ATM and you're like, dad, I thought I was getting more pounds. And this is all I'm getting because it doesn't.
Tamara Richardson: Transferred to saying and right now the US dollar is reducing and value. So you're definitely not gonna get.
Tamara Richardson: The same amount and value of another countries.
Tamara Richardson: Currency.
Tamara Richardson: Because ours is dropping so vastly.
Tamara Richardson: Crypto currencies are almost always decentralized, meaning they can't be regulated by a single authority such as a bank, and that's one of the biggest difference. Next slide, please, between CBDC's and cryptocurrency is the ability for it to be tracked. So what's the hype?
Tamara Richardson: It's only a matter of time, you guys, before this emergency financial instrument becomes mainstream and the United States, as I said this year, 18 countries are out of that, 100 are already looking are already, you know, looking to implement they already agreed and are on board.
Tamara Richardson: There are another 65 that our researching so you 6518 and 75.
Tamara Richardson: Plus another three that's like 78.
Tamara Richardson: You know, so we're.
Tamara Richardson: Or 88. We're almost there.
Tamara Richardson: So that's why I did this presentation. So hopefully educate us, those of us that didn't know anything about this at all like I knew a little bit, but it was really just hype that I was hearing next. Therefore us in cybersecurity industry must continue to focus on the threats in 2023, the beginning of Kovid.
Tamara Richardson: Our global cryptocurrency theft, hacked packs and fraud total $1.9 billion.
Tamara Richardson: That was just in 2022. I didn't give any footage because that unknown is mind boggling. That's a lot of money that.
Tamara Richardson: Innocent money taking away privacy and security are the two most important features when it comes to digital currency.
Tamara Richardson: That's why because $1.9 billion.
Tamara Richardson: Was hacked and taken.
Tamara Richardson: Next slide please.
Tamara Richardson: Mitigation of banks one way to mitigate such threats is to physically separate the money creation and destruction process.
Tamara Richardson: From those related to modification and validation, the use of cryptographic algorithms and AI to monitor any anomalies that do occur will further strengthen security.
Tamara Richardson: CBDC's will reside in protected environments with strict authentication, authentication procedures and point of sales. Terminals will need to be updated with the latest software to accommodate.
Tamara Richardson: The CBDC transactions next flight please.
Tamara Richardson: Precaution for consumers that would be us.
Tamara Richardson: So we need to make sure that our apps are secured against tampering or our clients or our family members or our friends. Make sure that they're secured against tampering and manipulation. Employ state-of-the-art security app and API protectors capable with capabilities of to vulnerable.
Tamara Richardson: Devices.
Tamara Richardson: Also know that the end user.
Tamara Richardson: Behavior will not pose a systematic security risk to CBDC's next flight, please.
Tamara Richardson: And then summary CBDC could prove to be safer.
Tamara Richardson: As it may reduce cash robberies, like I said before, longer lines in the banks and like I'm also really hoping for.
Tamara Richardson: Is the.
Tamara Richardson: Currency conversion. When foreign currency conversions.
Tamara Richardson: Maybe that will go away. It may also potentially replace the need to carry physical currency and reduce economic rents associated with transacting in the legacy financial financial system, an excellent way to keep up with countries who convert to CBDC's like those statistics that I was Speaking of, the 100 countries, the 65, the 18 that are presently have agreed to implement.
Tamara Richardson: The way you can keep up with those stats is to follow the geoeconomic center. They will continue to track CBDC exploration in the world around the world, so this is the link to keep up with their progression.
Tamara Richardson: Next slide.
Tamara Richardson: And that's the research that I did on Central bank digital currency. I opened the floor to any questions.
Marjorie Furay: So, OK, that was excellent. UM.
Marjorie Furay: And it's something that even my my girlfriend and I were talking about this the other day and she was saying, you know, I'm really worried about when cash is gone and it becomes all digital currency. And I was like, Nah, Nah, Nah.
Marjorie Furay: So you just proved me wrong.
Marjorie Furay: Umm, which scares the heck out of me.
Marjorie Furay: And worries me.
Marjorie Furay: I had actually just recently seen as I think it was a Instagram or something like that of a lady from India and she was explaining how in I believe in 1998 the government had decided all of a sudden at 8:00 o'clock at night, they said no more cash is to be used no more, no more bills, no more.
Marjorie Furay: You know, tangible caches to be used and they went over to digital currency and literally that night 75%.
Marjorie Furay: Of.
Marjorie Furay: That country was poor.
Tamara Richardson: Wow.
Marjorie Furay: That was it went into an economic drop.
Marjorie Furay: And that's the problem with the digital currency because you have to have the currency to have the digital currency. It's not like it's going to be socialized where everybody's gonna get the same amount.
Marjorie Furay: Umm, it really is going to make a difference between.
Marjorie Furay: Low income, middle income and upper income.
Marjorie Furay: Umm.
Marjorie Furay: Where they're going to be a lot left behind with that and I that really is what scares me so much.
Marjorie Furay: One question is do you see your our government leaning more towards see CDC BDC and if not, how long do you think it will take for our company to learn more towards a digital currency?
Tamara Richardson: In all honesty, it's already scheduled, but I would just say for the US to go and switch. It's already scheduled. So I will say two years.
Tamara Richardson: We're in 2023 now.
Tamara Richardson: Expect this in the next two years, so that could be at the end of this year. That could be over the summer, but you have to understand.
Tamara Richardson: We have already been groomed and went through this. We went through it in the pandemic so.
Tamara Richardson: Although we may have a shock it, it's gonna be a shock.
Tamara Richardson: But.
Tamara Richardson: Learning the knowledge now.
Tamara Richardson: And learning how.
Tamara Richardson: To protect your equipment, your families, equipment, your friend's equipment, your clients.
Tamara Richardson: You know we.
Tamara Richardson: We can. It's not a bad thing, but we can prepare because if $1.9 billion were taken.
Tamara Richardson: Are ready and just one year.
Tamara Richardson: From hacks fraud.
Tamara Richardson: Then you gotta know if you switch all of our money over what we have in store for is a heck. That happens every 39 seconds. So I think it's about 2.
Tamara Richardson: Two years.
Tamara Richardson: Before, no, just it's two years before the US goes in. We got two years.
Tamara Richardson: Or less.
Marjorie Furay: So should we take our money out of the bank?
Tamara Richardson: I don't.
Tamara Richardson: Now I looked for that I prepare for these questions. We now let's just think because I didn't really find any specific answers, but I just wanted to pose.
Tamara Richardson: Thoughts.
Tamara Richardson: OK so.
Tamara Richardson: If you have a bank account.
Tamara Richardson: And.
Tamara Richardson: The digital current and you have 10 grand in it.
Tamara Richardson: Right.
Tamara Richardson: And you, they switch over US, goes ahead and says, yeah, let's go ahead and switch over to CVDC, you know.
Tamara Richardson: And you have that 10 grand and the CBDC is built on the currency.
Tamara Richardson: Of the the money.
Tamara Richardson: Right. The 10 grand that's in that is count. That's what it's based on. You know what I mean? So because you can take it out and you can put it in so.
Tamara Richardson: I would take make sure I have a screenshot and I would make sure I have a.
Tamara Richardson: A print out a bank print out.
Tamara Richardson: Of how much money I have in that account, I would just go ahead and start doing that now. Like if you don't keep up with those records, you shred them, nod, don't need them. Now's the time to keep it so or to make sure you have a digital copy or something of it.
Tamara Richardson: Because.
Tamara Richardson: If.
Tamara Richardson: That's gonna be an open window when they change it over for everybody, you know it's gonna be. It's too many people.
Tamara Richardson: Is going to be an open window, so that's an open window for hackers.
Tamara Richardson: Clear as day.
Marjorie Furay: I agree, yeah.
Tamara Richardson: When that happens, that's why they can't tell us exactly when it's gonna happen, because it's an open window.
Tamara Richardson: To it's too many. It's too many accounts so.
Tamara Richardson: Having.
Tamara Richardson: Tangible cash and cash is no more.
Tamara Richardson: Well, it depends on how they choose to phase it out. If they do a hard close where cash is no more than if you come in there with cash talking about, I wanna turn it into CBDC. They might just look at us like we're crazy because cash is no more. You understand? Now if they slowly phase it out.
Tamara Richardson: Then.
Tamara Richardson: We have time to get that in for an equivalent transfer.
Tamara Richardson: Or whatever is worth.
Tamara Richardson: Does that make sense?
Tamara Richardson: Yeah.
Tamara Richardson: Help.
Marjorie Furay: Yeah, just trade it out. Hopefully they do a trade out and hopefully it'll be dollar for dollar because we still don't know.
Marjorie Furay: How much that would be?
Tamara Richardson: Right. And they haven't mentioned that yet. Those are key things that they haven't mentioned. I'm searching. I'm hunting, I'm still looking, but they have not mentioned it yet.
Marjorie Furay: Yeah. And I, you know, I think that's what my Gemma look and see what these other countries are doing and how they made the change, you know, Bahamas.
Marjorie Furay: Having the sand dollars that I'm sure that they made a change, you know, how did it? Has it done better for them? Has it made it worse for them? Obviously India and I believe it is 98 that it happened.
Tamara Richardson: Right.
Marjorie Furay: You know that didn't go well for them. There was already so many lower income in India as it was and it made it that much more.
Marjorie Furay: You know what was wrong with that? What did they do wrong?
Marjorie Furay: So it's something definitely worth looking into.
Tamara Richardson: Well, what I thought about.
Tamara Richardson: Is there already platforms out there that are using this technology because it's called distributor technology, so you have we have to do this association who's using this technology and what are they doing and how often are they being hacked?
Tamara Richardson: You understand? So when we when we do that?
Tamara Richardson: Association and that breakdown or reverse engineering.
Tamara Richardson: Then.
Tamara Richardson: Then that's better. Whether it's in this country, another country, whether we're already cause those systems, they are ready exist, it's just not existing for.
Tamara Richardson: Wholesale and retail transit you know transaction transactions.
Tamara Richardson: You got me.
Marjorie Furay: Yeah, it wasn't easy going to Dollar Tree and not being able to use cash.
Tamara Richardson: Yeah, like.
Marjorie Furay: But I mean, I always use my debit card anyways and a lot of us are already used to doing that. So I could see it changing out and if it changes one to one then I don't think there would be so much of a problem as long as we can prove what we have in the bank or if they do it right and just go ahead and trade it out one to one, then we won't have a problem.
Marjorie Furay: For those who have a bank account.
Marjorie Furay: For those that don't, I think it could run into an issue because like you said, if tangible, they might not take that tangible dollar, trade it in.
Tamara Richardson: Exactly.
Marjorie Furay: Which may be what happened in India. Isaac, go ahead.
Isaac Ritz: So you said this was happening in other countries already where it's fully implemented.
Isaac Ritz: I was trying to go Japan a while back to see a friend, uh in Okinawa and and one of the things I had to look into was like transportation fares and things like that.
Isaac Ritz: So they don't accept like debit cards for for trains, they need something called a sweet card. I think is that, is that sort of along the same lines it was like a prepaid type of card, a smart card.
Isaac Ritz: That looks sort of like a visa and you just kind of tap it for anytime you use train fares.
Tamara Richardson: Well, how did you pay for it? How did you? How were you able to acquire the card? Did it have to be a digital transaction to digital transaction or did that was it, you know what we were options to attain the card? You know what I mean?
Isaac Ritz: Yeah, you can get it from. I think they can mail it to you, but you can get it from like these just stalls. I don't know what the word is for it.
Isaac Ritz: Like like you would just go up to a machine that looks like an ATM and you can get it from there and then you can use an app to control it and like add money to it.
Sharleen Squires: Like a kiosk.
Tamara Richardson: Right.
Isaac Ritz: A kiosk? Yeah, a kiosk.
Tamara Richardson: Right. So kiosk some kiosk because the kiosk and wall Wally World or Walmart, they use, you can use cash. That's why I'm asking specific.
Isaac Ritz: Ohh yeah, I don't know.
Tamara Richardson: Because if you can use cash, then no. If cash is a payment option or a coin, then no. Then well, I shouldn't say coins because there's actually a crypto coin out there that the US is selling right now.
Tamara Richardson: So.
Isaac Ritz: Right.
Tamara Richardson: I'm gonna say tangible dollars.
Tamara Richardson: If it didn't accept paper dollars, then yeah, it would probably be more on a CBDC scale. Like you, we have to understand before this technology becomes official test have to be run. They have to see how do people respond? That? Because something like that is gonna be dramatic if it's not matched dollar for dollar.
Tamara Richardson: It's gonna be dramatic, even if it is matched dollar for dollar, those those of us that still, you know, use other type of banking methods, you know or no bank at all.
Tamara Richardson: We're in. We're in for a rude awakening.
Tamara Richardson: You know, so.
Tamara Richardson: If that particular kiosk was only digitally operated, remaining meaning you could only use a card Nicholas, I would say yes it it is a.
Tamara Richardson: A good example of what will be headed to, or what it would be like.
Tamara Richardson: Anymore. I mean, I'm sorry, Isaac.
Isaac Ritz: But that's OK. Well, thank you. Yeah, I I honestly don't know just because I've never seen anyone actually use money for it. But it does say it does say, like money like smart card de money, electronic money.
Marjorie Furay: Right.
Isaac Ritz: But I I would have to look more into it, even though.
Isaac Ritz: But thank you.
Marjorie Furay: So we. Yeah, suddenly something we're gonna have to look into really, to cover the bases, right? I mean, we don't wanna get caught.
Marjorie Furay: Off guard on what's gonna happen. So thank you for scaring us all.
Tamara Richardson: Ohh.
Sharleen Squires: True.
Tamara Richardson: My pleasure. Or waking you. Bring in the light.
Marjorie Furay: No, this was this was really excellent. It was really. And like I said, it's always master class always surprises me because you guys come up with such great topics, you know, and we didn't even know. We wanted to know about it kind of thing.
Alyssa Prater: Uh.
Marjorie Furay: But this was excellent. Thank you so much for the information and definitely something we're gonna look into a little more.
Marjorie Furay: I know I am, that's for sure.
Alyssa Prater: Side note, Marjorie.
Alyssa Prater: My presentation next week is on a.
Marjorie Furay: Oh yes.
Marjorie Furay: Yes.
Alyssa Prater: The blockchain, which is the the technology behind this coin, I think my presentation might help ease those fears a little bit.
Marjorie Furay: OK. Thank you.
Marjorie Furay: But it's next week.
Alyssa Prater: Correct.
Marjorie Furay: So I have to go a week of research. In the meantime, no, that's gonna be great. That'll be wonderful. Thank you.
Marjorie Furay: OK, last but not least, Srikanth, Are you ready?
Srikanth Gubbala: Yes. Uh.
Marjorie Furay: Alright.
Srikanth Gubbala: OK.
Srikanth Gubbala: Only need as many to share the screen to to.
Srikanth Gubbala: OK, let me know.
Srikanth Gubbala: You're able to see my screen.
Marjorie Furay: Yes, I can.
Srikanth Gubbala: And my audible clear and crisp, OK.
Srikanth Gubbala: Pollinate this, OK?
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, sorry, I know it's late. Good evening everyone. And Srikanth today I'm going to talk about high performance computing.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, what? I will cover as a what is HPC use cases of HPC components of HPC and the future infrastructure along with the references?
Srikanth Gubbala: I'm going about going what is on HPC? Generally it is about.
Srikanth Gubbala: You know.
Srikanth Gubbala: Getting a large supercomputer to solve the large problems in science and engineering and business.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, but what does it translates into regular ways that your laptop have 8 core Max or 16 core Max?
Srikanth Gubbala: Course and generally service today they used to be generally 32 cores to 48 physical cores with the dual core CPU.
Srikanth Gubbala: And the cloud adoption, the new generation, they can go until 128 at this time. But what if the computing the complex in order to solve the complex problems you need large more mode, of course. So what they have come up is they combine these servers in a specific way.
Srikanth Gubbala: To make them as one large supercomputers, and today we're going to talk about those.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, slightly cover.
Srikanth Gubbala: How they are built? What are the primary components? What do we have?
Srikanth Gubbala: At the top super computers and how they are measured and all these things.
Srikanth Gubbala: And specifically about the measuring. Generally computers are measured by the speed. That is the floating point operations per second, which is flops, right? And.
Srikanth Gubbala: The large supercomputers actually are measured on Trillian or, which is Terra, or the quarterly, and which is PETA, and now they are actually working towards making it an extra the next.
Srikanth Gubbala: The Super computers and the top supercomputers, what we have today are, most of them are US and China. China have close to 167.
Srikanth Gubbala: Umm and US have somewhere around 1:37.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh and uh, US made to the top list. Uh in 2022.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, the band there will be stuff up Frontier.
Srikanth Gubbala: Sorry for the background.
Srikanth Gubbala: OK.
Srikanth Gubbala: The release something uh, which is 1100.
Srikanth Gubbala: Close to 1100 petaflops, which is now the the largest supercomputer. What we have in the in in the world today.
Srikanth Gubbala: Until 2020, to fugu, Japan is at 4:40 to Loomis, also the latest in 2022, Finland 30 nine 309 petaflops, followed by Leonardo Italy, which is also.
Srikanth Gubbala: You know.
Srikanth Gubbala: Built in 2022 and test it out and been in service from 22 the last but not the least on the top five is the summit US all these are actually I think the the both frontier and submit are from the Oak Ridge Laboratories which they used for the research and all these things.
Srikanth Gubbala: So let's talk about the use cases about after HPC, where and all it's actually used.
Srikanth Gubbala: Before even we talk about the use cases, one thing I wanted to actually highlight is the core elements, right?
Srikanth Gubbala: That's used for the advanced analytics uh physics based simulation and also for the and the high performance computing is what it it is the core elements what we have but the if you see the design cycle of the whole.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, HPC, it would have the preliminary exploration, then the validation testing and the final optimization. While these are the common factors about an HPC, it is used in HP semiconductor space where they do the design verification during the chip designing. So all the chips that are being designed today, super computers are used.
Srikanth Gubbala: Whether it is an A validation verification chip layout classifications they use in semiconductor space for the Edu and all those things, and then the at signs and the energy, this is where the climate, whether the NASA or the for the weather prediction.
Srikanth Gubbala: Ohh and drill and pipeline set.
Srikanth Gubbala: Yeah, about 6. Make in order to identify.
Srikanth Gubbala: How, where and all the materials across the oil?
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh on the on the sea bed or anything of that sort, they use these.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, the computers?
Srikanth Gubbala: And also in the manufacturing.
Srikanth Gubbala: A for the material testing waste reduction, factory optimization.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, which is actually this used or it's used for that?
Srikanth Gubbala: But if you see all these, all these things in general, the.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, primary methods. What they do is the structural analysis. Multibody dynamics, then the electromagnetics hydrodynamics, all each one of the component, whether it's electrical.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, the mechanical, which is the structural or the fluid in order for you to simulate?
Srikanth Gubbala: It's these uh, super computers to actually write application on top of these and take that model and try to solve that.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, uh. You know, whether it's a temperature problem or it's whether a radiation problem they would actually use this.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh. Other major one, that's where the.
Srikanth Gubbala: A large supercomputers are using the life sciences. Uh. You see the drug discovery. Uh, gene research. Uh. Or the medical devices. This is one of the use space where they had the largest supercomputers.
Srikanth Gubbala: Ohh, and the most often known spaces are the automotive and the aerospace.
Srikanth Gubbala: Your space is where the propulsion aerodynamics.
Srikanth Gubbala: The acoustics.
Srikanth Gubbala: So for the crash safety in the car example, the Tesla Tesla itself has a 900 miles of simulated Rd.
Srikanth Gubbala: At that much amount of data they have, they have recently released.
Srikanth Gubbala: 10.
Srikanth Gubbala: A chick named Dojo.
Srikanth Gubbala: And which is much much more advanced and used for the Super computing. So all these are done and in HPC. So there are various fast use cases. A mile today everything the back end of processing that large amount of data, permutation combinations of training.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, uh, uh. The data, the computer, everything is actually is being done on the HPC.
Srikanth Gubbala: So let's see the components of the HPC clusters.
Srikanth Gubbala: At a high level, again.
Srikanth Gubbala: I yeah, you would have. All of us would have seen the laptops, computers, lots servers.
Srikanth Gubbala: And also we have seen a cloud and cloud instances today, we call them instances, whether it's a WWDC 2 instances or the Azure instances.
Srikanth Gubbala: But the back end is all servers, right? So what in HPC? What they do is they take these compute nodes and then connect them using an interconnect. There are specific interconnects like the infinite band or there are multiple other companies which provide these specific InfiniBand switches. These are dedicated separate switches.
Srikanth Gubbala: They go at 56. That's like 10 years back. They start at 56. Now they go even do 200 GBPS connection. Backbone connections between individual servers. So here the servers are called compute nodes computing nodes, so they act in such a way that you can. They are independent of each other and but they can actually combine together to form a large company.
Srikanth Gubbala: So all these servers would have the at InfiniBand adapters or the interconnects specifically. That way they can actually connect together as if they are single computer.
Srikanth Gubbala: Right. Uh, that's one of the component and the the other component is its storage. Generally you take a laptop or a computer, you install your application and you keep your data on C drive, do you drive? But in HPC what you do is you generally have a distributed file system file systems like.
Srikanth Gubbala: And now from the net app or lecture or there are couple model a lot, lot more. In Azure you have that have files in AWS today you have elastic file system. You have lecture you have BFS and all these things. So basically what these are is that to provide and high.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, hi and uh distributed file system which is accessible to all these compute nodes at the same time where an NFS or you know you can mount it different way and it's all again backbone strong backbone you would not have basically the 10 gig what you see but the what they would do is they would actually combine all these things and form a larger bonds like 40 gig connections.
Srikanth Gubbala: How about 100 gig connections kind of thing? It depends on the storage. Or you can have multi nodes so that a single storage volume can be accessible across all these nodes, right? So the application installed would be installed on the storage nodes, making it available on the compute nodes and the data is also there.
Srikanth Gubbala: Now there's other component is the schedulers.
Srikanth Gubbala: Schedulers. What they do is basically, let's take a step back before we go into schedule. Let's like talk about the Custer professionals.
Srikanth Gubbala: While these uh hardware is connected, storage is provisioned the.
Srikanth Gubbala: Could you, uh, the cluster provisions ensure that all these large amount of computers like.
Srikanth Gubbala: It's it's. It can be from where? Around 10582020 thousand, 50,000 servers and you cannot go and image them manually. So what they do is that all these, first of all these nodes are set up in DHCP.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, but into a dedicated internal network and there would be like a plug and play, but connected to a cluster provisional. So when when the node is added it would actually pull up the image from the cluster, provision server and boots up via DSP. So there there is a softwares like cluster approach and like xcat.
Srikanth Gubbala: Ohh and a bright cluster manager. That's a these are the some of the commercial cluster managers. What? What we have so that.
Srikanth Gubbala: This would make an easy update of packages, install of update of images and all these things on this compute nodes.
Srikanth Gubbala: Now we talked about the storage compute node and the cluster production or the next piece is.
Srikanth Gubbala: Now all these things are under the control of something called a scheduler. So what does the scheduler take? What scheduler? What it takes is it takes the control of all the computing nodes it nodes. Where's the storage is where the computing nodes is? How these?
Srikanth Gubbala: No InfiniBand connections are which MPI is being used. MPs is message passing interface to how the connection communication happens between the compute nodes.
Srikanth Gubbala: Right. Uh and what it does is it will take the control of all these.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh infrastructure and say OK hey application or the user tell me what to do, what to do with the resources. I will manage the resources you want 100 cores? You want 200 cores for a job? Let me know. I'll give it to you. I'll ensure that no other jobs are falling into those nodes.
Srikanth Gubbala: Ohh and it is actually restricting and controlling uh, all those jobs. So what does now the user does from a user standpoint of view, what he sees is is he sees only a friend and he will see either a web server or he will see a login server or he will see a secure server for the data types or he will log into the client or some network or a web page and he will upload the model.
Srikanth Gubbala: Which is basically they would like to do a preprocessing, postprocessing, simulation and post processing, but they can also just log into the node, give what application. There are multiple applications to simulate each of the component like example if you take in commercial space that's a wide suite of application from answer sense is one of the biggest simulation vendor.
Srikanth Gubbala: Yeah, you have answers. Mechanical for the structural, you have answers, fluent for the fluid dynamics, you have answers electrical for the electrical layout and the other products that synopsis props is on the other major commercial.
Srikanth Gubbala: Which is which have a huge a suite of applications for the.
Srikanth Gubbala: The electronic design automation, whether you want to do the layout.
Srikanth Gubbala: Physical design, logical design.
Srikanth Gubbala: Or testing everything you have so you would actually have this application installed. You could keep the model and you will tell what's your input, what's your output and you would also say how many nodes and how many.
Srikanth Gubbala: Or submit a job on 1000 nodes 10,000 nodes, but again your application have to support understand how it can be distributed across the nodes so.
Srikanth Gubbala: The the the common sub in the job and that's where you would see on the university is there are a lot of slum base clusters.
Srikanth Gubbala: A in the market you have majorly on the universities you would see slum base slum based clusters which is simple Linux utility for resource management. That's an.
Srikanth Gubbala: Where you would see. But there are commercial schedulers, also known as IBM LSF. Altair. Then the PS these are the and the torque is are the one other open source. So there are a lot of schedulers so.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh.
Srikanth Gubbala: Users, as long as they know how to use the scheduler, how to submit a job or the they would actually log into this and use the syntax, bring in the data from the secure server and.
Srikanth Gubbala: That's right.
Srikanth Gubbala: Before actually go to the next slide, let me open up for a question and answer. I know I've been giving you a you know, I'm trying to give a lot of things and shorter time, but this is the space which is exponentially growing because today the industry is moving towards spending more time on the virtual development than in the physical development with the.
Srikanth Gubbala: Yeah, I coming in with a lot of things coming in. The dependency on the large supercomputers have increasing a lot.
Srikanth Gubbala: Yeah.
Isaac Ritz: So does this have?
Isaac Ritz: This is very relevant with the with with cloud computing, correct? So this is this is sort of how companies kind of provide those services to us.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh.
Srikanth Gubbala: No.
Srikanth Gubbala: It is actually, I would say it's a yes or no.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, why? Because.
Srikanth Gubbala: They have large.
Srikanth Gubbala: Do you have large service right?
Srikanth Gubbala: How Cloud operates is that you would actually get a large server on top of the. They would put an hypervisor and they would put an another payload which would actually provision, deprovision and all those things, right? But again, it's individual services, OK.
Srikanth Gubbala: You would get a storage S service. You would get compute as a service. You would get database as a service, or you could get a function as a service. Now what you have to do is that supercomputers are something like. You take all these services you have to stitch them together to form.
Srikanth Gubbala: And a cluster that means you need to have a scheduler you would like to have and storage you know to have the computing nodes. So.
Srikanth Gubbala: I uh. When I work for a company where I manage these and we we do lot in other players and a lot in Azure.
Srikanth Gubbala: A in it obvious what we do is that we have a product named Azure. Sorry AWS.
Srikanth Gubbala: Parallel cluster uh, where it probably it connects all these things. It connects Elastic file system from the storage or the?
Srikanth Gubbala: Easy to instances.
Srikanth Gubbala: And the back end is is provided by. Then there will be specific instances, uh, which they would have in in the AWS doesn't follow InfiniBand interconnect but rather they would have they have something called.
Srikanth Gubbala: The EFS. Sorry EFL elastic fabric adapters which would actually connect these backbones and give you connections at 100 GP based connections of the backbones.
Srikanth Gubbala: So.
Srikanth Gubbala: Ohm. Yeah. It's a kind of yes and no. On what you see.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, if you are looking at from an scaling perspective, individual scaling horizontal, whether it's horizontal scaling and vertical scaling, that's about individual nodes and all these things. But these are specifically for the back end with with backbone dependency.
Isaac Ritz: Thank you. Yeah.
Srikanth Gubbala: They hope I ask here.
Isaac Ritz: Yeah, yeah, it it makes sense.
Srikanth Gubbala: Yep.
Srikanth Gubbala: This is a separate space altogether. I know you know this is something which is not known much in the commercial spaces because the largest supercomputers in the IS in the research.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, space commercial spaces. You would have smaller computer, smaller clusters in flops or teraflops like 20-30 teraflops, but whereas the.
Srikanth Gubbala: Ohh.
Srikanth Gubbala: At research institutions which does weather modeling, NASA has one of the largest supercomputers. What they have research laboratories for genome.
Srikanth Gubbala: Well, all those things they have those on the cloud, it's that's where I actually wanted to cover. What's the feature of HPC, right?
Srikanth Gubbala: What they were doing is a large research based organizations continue to build.
Srikanth Gubbala: Ohh and scale clusters on premises, but now what we are seeing is enterprises are now exporting more and more cloud whether you do.
Srikanth Gubbala: Whether you go with Google issue or AWS, what they were going after is after the burstable capacities that burstable capabilities because.
Srikanth Gubbala: There are use cases where they would like to go use it for 10 days, but they wanted to do go and use 10,000 cores. That is translated to 200 servers or 500 servers, right? If they buy on Prem and keep it just for that 10 days in six months it's not. It doesn't work for the ROI.
Srikanth Gubbala: Of that, it doesn't make value. So what they what they're taking is the inputs and outputs is always smaller for these because it's more of a permutation combination. It's like, you know, when one example of simulation would be, you know, they wanted to know at what temperature this particular part fails, what is the.
Srikanth Gubbala: Elastic point of this uh they would uh, you know, input all the parameters and put like OK hundred and 100 and 201 point 201.3. So they gave this all these wide range and they say hey, you know what can you go ahead and test this and let me know at what point this particular part fails if I hit this like something like crash if I crash this if I drop it at from 10,000.
Srikanth Gubbala: No, Pete. Or if I hit with this, this much of pressure, what would I do so?
Srikanth Gubbala: They wanted to see that, but again they they want to come back and give back to the designer and designer says OK, hold OK, let me redo the part. So that's where they were actually trying to go more and more and do the first capacity. So companies like the cloud service providers are building large supercomputer clusters and building them. That is one thing. But other thing is capacity capability and.
Srikanth Gubbala: Elasticity.
Srikanth Gubbala: What does this elasticity is that uh, on prems you can always have a one single data center or you would have other data Center for high availability or disaster recoveries and all these things but supercomputers you cannot have.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh now. Uh, scalability, right? So there are a SaaS provider software as a service providers. What like rescale Uber cloud?
Srikanth Gubbala: Ohm and you have answers. Cloud. What? What? This, what? These SAS providers that they're doing is they are building.
Srikanth Gubbala: Umm something called unlimited elastic computing. They combining all the data centers that are available across the globe and that's the creating a platform they say you know what you submit a job, it's an global scheduler kind of thing. You submit a job, it will tell OK if your job needs these mini cores, it will go ahead and identify.
Srikanth Gubbala: The compute where in which data center whether it is in AWS whether it is in Azure or whether it's in Google or Oracle it doesn't matter. You can connect your your data center also it will take the.
Srikanth Gubbala: Submitted a cost. Uh. Go to that particular region, transfer the data, solve it there, bring back the results and give you.
Srikanth Gubbala: That is something which we just changing the way the the problems are solved today.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, it actually, it cuts the engineering time. It's like you want to fail, fail fast because in research you need faster. You want to know how you know what's the output of this experiment, how fast I can get if I have to fail, fail fast so.
Srikanth Gubbala: This is what is changing the whole landscape of HPC in enterprises. Other thing is that these application licenses are very very expensive. It is expensive than the infrastructure.
Srikanth Gubbala: So what they're doing is that because of this elasticity and this scalability.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, people, consumers are the users don't have to wait for the compute to be available. They now got unlimited compute because the innovations on the infrastructure on the how the cloud innovations and all these things.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, they can buy less.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh put licenses and use it for multiple people because.
Srikanth Gubbala: Everything is global today, so it's like round the clock and we have we. We also are seeing the license expenses coming down right.
Srikanth Gubbala: Umm. And also the access to the specialized hardware.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, in a cluster generally you will have uniform hardware.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh in on Prem. That's what people for generations people are doing that they have either, you know, Intel or AMD or large memory.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, I clock clock speed higher L3L2 cache and all these things.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, but the GPU's are expensive GPU today. Uh NVIDIA started with.
Srikanth Gubbala: But Ohe, Ohe, we had pee hundreds Pascal cards, and they moved to Alpha a hundreds.
Srikanth Gubbala: And now there are. I think they were introduced last month. HH under Guards, right which.
Srikanth Gubbala: Are not expensive and it takes 6 to 8 months to provision a new hardware in HPC or any place today, because you'll have to order that specialized hardware, you have to get all these components, ship them, bring them up, add them to the cluster and all these things. But when you go to the cloud.
Srikanth Gubbala: You have all type of the hardware. Weather is NVIDIA, AMD, Intel or a compute optimized or memory optimize or HPC specific workloads or the GPU workloads. So this is where the industry is moving towards and that's where these these capabilities what we are seeing, the innovations in terms of self driving cars.
Srikanth Gubbala: Ohh are the.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, and the research and the medicines. So we look forward. This is a space where which will grow very, very.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, drastically.
Srikanth Gubbala: With that, uh, I end this session. Uh, these are the references now I'm open for questions.
Marjorie Furay: Yeah, that was that was a great job. That's pretty interesting and wondering and I think you answered it, but I'm not sure. So basically you would have to have.
Marjorie Furay: A pretty large warehouse or something to have these.
Marjorie Furay: Computers in.
Srikanth Gubbala: Yes.
Marjorie Furay: It's not something that like, you know, I could have in my room, I mean.
Srikanth Gubbala: No, no, you cannot have a a server in your room. There are people who does a couple of servers in house, but they emit lot of they have high.
Srikanth Gubbala: A. Their power aggressive and the moment they are power aggressive, they emit a lot of heat.
Marjorie Furay: Right.
Srikanth Gubbala: And they got to be cooled, and if they reach certain temperatures, they go down. It's not like our laptops or. Yeah. So this is a specialized hardware, specialized zones, large data centers.
Srikanth Gubbala: And I if I think there's a supercomputing conference which happens every year, this is one of the largest supercomputing conference happens in US. There are some conferences in Europe and all these things I do attend those conferences last was I think it's in Dallas.
Srikanth Gubbala: It happens every year at different location, but that's one interesting uh conference where you would see a lot of universities, a lot of commercial organizations, cloud service providers, hardware service providers, storage service providers, common present these.
Srikanth Gubbala: Hardware you would see liquid cooling. You would see specialized uh racks. You would see specialized storages. It's not something which regular storage admins or server admins or the you name regular admins would see this.
Srikanth Gubbala: This is specialized hardware also.
Marjorie Furay: Yeah, that makes sense.
Marjorie Furay: Wow. Well, that was really incredible.
Marjorie Furay: I'm gonna have to bring this up with my students. Yeah, because we talk about servers and stuff and let them know how big these are.
Marjorie Furay: It's pretty amazing.
Isaac Ritz: What's?
Marjorie Furay: Well, that was a great job. I think everybody did a great job tonight. Seriously, there was a lot of information.
Marjorie Furay: And I appreciate it because these master classes are getting better and better.
Marjorie Furay: Anybody else have a question?
Isaac Ritz: Yeah, she got. What's the what's the name of the the conference that you're talking about?
Srikanth Gubbala: Super computing.
Isaac Ritz: OK, cool.
Srikanth Gubbala: ACA SC23 is now, I think, this year I see it's called SC 23. It goes by.
Srikanth Gubbala: A. The name and the year.
Isaac Ritz: OK, thank you. Cause I'll what's gonna find trying to travel that one in in the one Richard mentioned earlier, I have my I'm gonna be trying to go to some conferences.
Srikanth Gubbala: Yeah, at least. Uh, you know, these are expensive sometimes at least try to get get into their exhibition halls, which would be, you know, I think the first one I attended is 2019. And it was like, wow, because I I spent a couple of years almost decade, decade and 1/2 in storage handling large Super 8 petabytes of storage just like.
Srikanth Gubbala: A multiple boxes of storage and multiple servers and all these things. But after spending that much time and handling all these things and then I moved to HPC and attended this supercomputing conference, I was like it's like here it's looking at going to an amusement park, right?
Isaac Ritz: Yeah.
Srikanth Gubbala: It would see those supercomputers they actually I recently the latest one which I saw the one of the oldest first supercomputer, they actually displayed it in that conference. It's a Cray supercomputer and they actually build supercomputers on the floor. They assemble it there, which would act, which would support the whole conference.
Srikanth Gubbala: So that's one space.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, you know, this is a nice feel because you need to know the storage unit to know the compute unit in the hardware unit, know the schedulers operating systems and how you can stitch all these together. On top of this.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, you need to know the applications now. Again, there will be a specific specific roles for each one of them. There could be and people starts with.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh HPC engineers, their salaries are generally one of the highest average earlier. I think Isaac was talking about somewhere around 84 to 90 HP C units. Average salaries are 112.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, of average in US and.
Srikanth Gubbala: It's somewhere around 125 to 130 that that's what it goes. And in order to actually move to this space, you need to be either strong in one of these. You need to be strong in Linux because the most of the Super computers across the world, 99% of the supercomputers use Linux as the back as their operating system. There are few on Windows now.
Srikanth Gubbala: But you need to have uh, Linux and you need to have, uh understanding of storage, specifically how this.
Srikanth Gubbala: Well, network file systems work how you would actually distributed file systems and then.
Srikanth Gubbala: Uh, the MPI. There's a specific specialization degree.
Srikanth Gubbala: Let's Santa Cruz University in California provides sector HPC. Uh specialization, but there are specializations which can teach these.
Srikanth Gubbala: I can send you. I was also researching, you know how to simplify this. How do I build my team? Because there's something which you won't actually get straightforward in the market. You need to actually find a resource with some kind of background and have an understanding of what this and start.
Srikanth Gubbala: Over the years and once.
Srikanth Gubbala: A resources fully capable of understanding all these things. He's hot kick in the market.
Isaac Ritz: It's like, uh, like system administration, but it like the extreme, like like overclocking.
Srikanth Gubbala: It was yes, advance yes.
Srikanth Gubbala: Thank you. Any other questions?
Srikanth Gubbala: With that, I would end the slide.
Marjorie Furay: All right. Thank you very much.
Marjorie Furay: Great stuff everybody.
Isaac Ritz: Thank you.
Marjorie Furay: Well, I guess that's it for this evening. Did you? I'm sorry I said go ahead.
Isaac Ritz: I was just saying thanks.
Marjorie Furay: Oh.
Srikanth Gubbala: Thank you all.
Marjorie Furay: Thanks.
Marjorie Furay: And you all have a great night. Have a great weekend. Keep up the good work, because this is really coming along wonderfully.
Marjorie Furay: I should have the UM the video up on PGI pods.
Marjorie Furay: Umm.
Marjorie Furay: Probably this weekend I'll catch up on everything.
Marjorie Furay: So you can show everybody what you did and how you did.
Marjorie Furay: And then have a great night, everybody. Thank you.
Isaac Ritz: Have a good one.
Sharleen Squires: At night.