Good evening, everybody.
Welcome to master class.
The day the September 14th, 2023 Umm I'm looking forward to we
have 6 presenters this evening.
One will be recording near the end.
We are recording the meeting itself, so anyone, if it ends up
running too long, you're welcome to come back and watch it.
So at least we have that and we do have these recordings on PGIP
pods as well.
So you can watch them from there.
Umm, of course that has to be updated, which we're going to
get to the point of getting all those.
But we do have the master class playlist here in our teams that
you can watch them from as well.
Umm.
So everybody strap yourself in.
We've got a long night coming, but we have some great presents,
presentations coming as well.
Let's start with Raymond Romo.
If you're ready, Raymond.
Uh, yeah, right here.
Uh, good evening everyone.
This.
Can you guys see my screen?
No.
OK, what about now?
No.
So when you click share choose.
Yeah, I hit share and it hit PowerPoint.
You want to choose a.
So.
A window or screen.
OK.
Well, I'll do entire screen then.
We're about now.
Nope.
OK.
Yeah.
So I hit the share button on the Microsoft the teams window and
hit screen Windows or Tab Nag went to entire screen, clicked
Mm-hmm.
on that and hit share.
And I say, oh, we need, we need your permission to share screen.
Submit.
Ohh, looks like it's a.
It's a security thing.
It's because of my Mac.
Ah yes.
Ohh the Mac.
I won't say anything.
Ohh it's been causing me issues.
Let's see.
Let me do that real quick security.
Things.
Screen recording.
You're right, Caleb Apple thinks Microsoft is a virus.
Not releasing your computer to you.
OK, there you go.
Let's see.
There you go.
Now, can you guys see it?
I can see us.
There we go.
Yeah, yeah.
At least to see something now I see it, yes.
OK, alright.
Yeah, that's Apple for you.
OK, super secure.
I actually wanted to start this presentation with the poll real
quick.
How many in here raise your hand?
Have been a victim of identity theft.
That includes credit card fraud or an account being hijacked.
Uh, go ahead and raise your hand if you have.
OK.
6.
OK, So what we have 21 people in here.
Alright, so we're gonna start this.
OK, so tonight's topic is financial security and how to
protect yourself from identity theft from cyber criminals.
So I'm gonna start with some facts about identity theft.
Uh, so did you know, according to a fortunately article, most
worrying identity theft statistics were 2023 that nearly
33% of Americans have been a victim of identity theft, and
that the most common type of identity theft is credit card
fraud.
That someone will become a victim of identity theft every
14 seconds, and that about 15 million U.S.
Citizens will experience identity and identity theft
every year, and that those who are most active on social media
sites are more likely to get their personal information
stolen than those who are not.
You'll want to use the slideshow, cause we're seeing
what you've written.
Ohh you really OK.
There you go.
OK, well I can't see my notes but OK.
English.
Alright.
Well, so how do I see my notes without you guys seeing it?
Do I take it out presenter view or?
You're going to have to split your screen.
Hmm.
OK, instead of using the entire screen.
So right, so you're going to have to do Windows, I guess have
a second window up with that with that.
OK.
Yeah, sorry guys.
First time I've done screen sharing before so yeah, OK.
No problem.
This is how we learn, yeah.
So let's see.
Do I do stop sharing first?
Uh, yes.
OK, they'll do sharing.
OK.
So you guys can see my PowerPoint.
So we see everything, including what's written at the bottom.
OK.
See you have a presenter presenter view.
Mm-hmm.
Umm, that should be on one window and then you have.
If you put it before you share, if you put it into presenter
view you can see what you've got and then you can go ahead and
share it in the area that is separate from the the slides.
OK, so take it out presenter view.
I E I'm trying to remember so.
No, it's not.
It's not in presenter view right now so.
Right.
I can't my what's called because you got you got 2 views when you
go to the bottom of the screen it shows you typically if you
Mm-hmm.
use the book, it's gonna show everybody.
But if you need it in a presenter view where you see it,
it should split that where you have one window.
That's what you can read and one window are the slides that we
can see.
OK, it's.
Is it the normal window? No.
I think try any of them and see what comes up.
Because, I mean, yeah, I mean, that's all we can do, right is
just try.
Yeah.
Not going to break anything.
I might.
It's no I tried that.
Could you could do to Windows and open them, open it, open
that PowerPoint in both Windows, one of them in the presenter
view and one of them in the slide view.
And when you choose a window, it will show us no matter what size
that window is, it will show us your slides.
OK so I have to duplicate the PowerPoint window.
I don't think you have to, but I'm not sure exactly how to do
Yeah.
that with PowerPoint cause I've typically.
I have two screens so.
Ohh do you?
I only have one that's screen.
Yeah, I don't know how to deal with one screen.
Cheese. Fantastic.
Think I forgotten everything with one screen?
Ah man.
I would love to have two screens.
Yeah, I'm trying to work it out to have three now.
Yeah, Sharlene, how do you do it?
Umm, usually what happens?
What I do is by umm I take my notes that I have put on my
slides and I have a separate document for that.
Ohh OK.
So then I have slide one.
What I'm gonna say slide two.
What I'm gonna say that kind of thing.
So that's how I keep that.
So I can see it.
Uh-huh.
Umm, that's how I do it.
UM, cause I don't have two windows and I only have one
window, so it makes it really difficult to do a split if you
OK.
don't have that capability.
Yeah, I I guess I didn't know that the screen sharing showed
the notes, that's why.
It happens, but yeah.
Yeah. OK.
Well, I, you know, don't really want to waste your guys time.
So just gonna go at it.
You want to try it out?
We'll go on to the second person and you want to try it out in
the meantime on your side.
I sure, yeah.
I, E and they'll come because we don't.
We don't have any open slots to move the day, yeah.
OK.
Yeah, it's full.
We're full till November.
Right.
Yeah, that that's fine.
I'll probably just put them on a separate document.
OK.
So alright.
Then we're gonna.
We're gonna move ahead to Ray and then you can go on after
OK.
him.
Alright, thank you.
Good evening, everyone.
Can you hear me alright?
Yes, we can.
That is good.
Hopefully I can figure this out and.
Right.
Not have issues.
OHS forgot.
I got to share the screen.
So I'll share the screen only.
Uh, yeah.
Or window you can share the the the screen or the window.
Both of them show it.
Screen only.
That's only.
Ohh, there we go.
Is that working?
Yes.
But we do see the sides.
We do see the sides, so you'll want to go ahead at the bottom
and and click the little book at the bottom or yeah from
beginning.
There you go.
Alright, my presentations on Wireshark.
What is Wireshark?
Where Shark is a packet sniffing utility that can do an an A
tense analysis of IBB.
Four and IP V6 packets as they travel over the Internet, it can
display packets in real time, breaking packets down to the
core so they can be inspected as data passes through the network.
It can be a great tool to learn how packets travel and what
takes place as they go from one hop to the next.
A peak app is a file format used to store the packet details.
Recap is short for packet capture.
Wireshark uses the raw data from a peak app for analyzing
traffic.
Network packets contain a header and a payload of information
about how it is transported and source and destination
information.
A pcap can display that information and a format that
can be analyzed and used for troubleshooting.
I was going to jump over to wire shark, but if you click on any
one of these, Nope, that's not what I wanted to do.
Any one of these windows here you've got the Ethernet.
That's the data link layer you got the IP layer as the network
layer.
You can click on any one of those and it shows you the.
Yeah.
In the information over in while you're shark, what it all the
the packet details.
Peak apps can be used for troubleshooting because they
carry the minute details of the packet.
Packets include the source and the destination, plus the time
that it takes for them to travel from one hop to the next.
They can be used to identify malicious activity and track
network intrusions.
Protocols can be analyzed and examined for behavior and
exposed to any vulnerabilities.
Congestion and bottlenecks can be monitored by measuring
latency and other metrics to capture a packet, use it tool
called a packet sniffer.
You identify the interface interface you want to capture,
and a direct that sniper to that interface.
Wireshark can only capture packet from one interface at a
time.
The number of packets traveling through an interface at any one
time can be anywhere from 81,000 to one million, 400 on A1 GB
Ethernet interface.
Gathering all this information can be overwhelming.
How do you separate it into a format that can be understood
and read?
Wireshark provides the tools to be able to create profiles,
color codes and search filters that can be used to separate
traffic.
This picap has the TCP sin at client hellos and DNS as their
own separate color.
By giving each one its own color, it's easy to easy to
follow the conversation.
Different profiles can be created in Wireshark that can
display only the information that we would like to see.
Let's say you would like to see only TCP traffic.
You can create a search filter that would display only that
information and could save that as a personal profile that can
be called up and used anytime you need it and show the columns
that are important to TCP traffic like sequence number,
acknowledgement number, flag status of the connection, window
size and timestamps to create profiles you go to the very
lower right hand corner and click on profile, select new
name your profile and then click save.
Capture builders are selected before you start capturing to
reduce the amount of data on large networks, you can select
specific criteria like IP address, port numbers, protocols
and select interfaces.
They can all be used to capture specific types of traffic like
TCP, UDP.
DNS capture filters are different than display filters
because they are what?
Wireshark is sniffing for when you start Wireshark.
You can select an interface filter and you can filter that
one IP address or range of IP addresses is used to
troubleshoot networks and trace connections.
When you start Wireshark, you choose what interface you want
to capture.
You can capture wireless traffic, pick a network
interface card, and then you can that you want to monitor and
once you have chosen the interface you can narrow it down
to one IP address or a protocol.
Conversation filters are applied after you have captured the
packets.
Display filters can use color rules and individual filters to
display information that is relevant to the purpose of the
capture.
You can create a display filter that can filter a TCP or UDP
conversation.
I've displayed a conversation that is color coded with the sin
and Act request.
The initial SIN request is green.
That's my computer going to Yahoo.
Clicking on a link, the server responds with a hello and says
yes we can connect and the yellow is the conversation back
and forth sending packets.
When the server responds, it responds with a act and sin in
the same packet.
To reduce time, they send a window size with the ad so they
they don't know how much data they can send in the next
packet.
The black packet is called a bad packet because it did not make
it.
It was lost in transportation or it got dropped for some reason.
Window size is negotiated in each handshake and how big the
packets can be that are set.
Windows eyes can affect how fast data can be transferred.
If one side has a small window size because of latency issues,
the other side may have to wait before sending packets and send
smaller packets that could take longer to send.
If everything is working well, the window size could be big
where a large packet can be sent.
The sender does not need to wait for a reply, they just keep
sending data.
Window size was first introduced back when networks were a lot
slower.
On newer devices window size can be adjusted for larger size, but
you might need to do it manually.
The default window size is 65,535 bytes.
The receiver has to allocate resources through the window
size that they send.
If they allocate 65,535 that has to be set aside for a
conversation.
This conversation, both server and client started out with
large window sizes.
The first hello the client reduced the size down to 1029
bytes.
The server came back with 16,382.
That meant that the server could only send packets that were 1029
right in window size.
On the server side is not that important if you're just
downloading data.
Wireshark uses time filters to track packets as they move
through the network.
Time filters include time and date, time, sense, last capture,
and 2nd sentence.
The first capture, if you need to go back and analyze a problem
and know the exact time and date the incident took place.
Wireshark tracks the year, month, date and time for each
packet that each packet arrives.
Another time format is the time since the last packet.
You look for uniformity and if you notice a lot of time as last
last since the last packet arrived, could be a cause for
concern and the last time filter is the overall time that the
capture is happening.
As you look through the conversation, you can see if the
conversation packets came in sequence or if one got lost and
came in later than the rest of them.
This slide shows the time column on the left.
There's the running time conversation that's happening.
The next column keeps track of the time between packets.
This is the running time and this is the time between
packets.
Why are shark uses sequence numbers to keep track of TCP
conversations as they travel through the network?
The TCP segment lens records the packet bytes and is added to the
raw sequence number.
Wireshark converts the raw sequence number to a relative
sequence number to make it easier to keep track of when a
conversation starts.
It's giving us a sequence number of 0 and it increases in size
according to the size of the packet.
If a number is out of sync with what was sent, the client can
have the loss packet resent each side.
Client and server have their own sequence number.
If numbers do not follow the sequence, it could because a
lost packet that needs to be resent.
This slide shows the TCP segment, lens, raw sequence
number, and relative number.
The sequence number start at zero and increment to the mount
of the TCP segment lens if no data was sent, the sequence
number stays the same.
Another port number here is time to live.
It counts the number of rotors that the packet has gone through
and starts at two 55128 or 64.
If time to live has any of these numbers, it was it wasn't
relative, but if it has time to live a 55, it means it went
through 9 routers to get to his destination.
So the sequence that TCP segment lens is this column here if it
is 0, no bytes like these are just saying they're hellos and
then one byte was sent here and then you got the next time they
sent the teeth.
PC segment length was 517, so you had 517 or 1 to 517.
So the next packet is 518 and then on the other side this
11412 and you add one so the next packet is 1413 and then and
then whatever how much data is sent is added down the line and
if nothing was set like if no data was sent then the number
just stays the same.
But that's how they keep sequence of the packet as it
travels.
Transaction ID's are used to track DNS queries.
When the client sends a request to a DNS server, they're server
responds to the packet with the same ID number.
Transaction ID's are chosen randomly so it makes them harder
to be spoofed.
If a package gets fragmented, it will have the same ID number in
both packets.
Transaction IDs are generated by the client and used by the
server to keep track of.
Keep track of the request and I color coded the transaction
ID's.
Each of the the colors are the same number from the the client
responding and the the server responding.
And there's my umm, references and I wanted to show the.
Not a wire shark here.
Well.
Yeah, right here.
So if you click on like you can click on any of these packets
here and it shows all the the minute details over here and
you've got the.
Umm.
You know the Ethernet frames and you got the the transportation
layer down here and the IP information here I thought was
really interesting.
That's all I have.
Any questions?
Excellent present presentation.
Absolutely.
Really great.
Any questions?
I was just teaching my class last night about packet tracing.
There's a lot of information, there can be a whole lot more
Yeah.
you could do.
And I I wow them, which was nice.
I have been.
And they were like ohh my gosh.
I'm like, yes, yes, this is how you get hacked.
This is how they find out how.
Yeah.
So yeah, it's really just, it's really something that you're
able to get in that far and find the information you're looking
for.
Very cool.
Excellent job.
Alright, what do we got going on now, Raymond?
How are you doing?
I'm ready to go.
Alright, take it over.
Alright, you guys can see my screen right?
Yep, looks good.
OK, alright.
So I'll go through these first two slides quick.
Since you guys already heard it, Kate topic is financial
security.
Protecting yourself from identity theft and then the
facts here.
From the poll that we did earlier, I think there was about
21 people in the room and there was seven people, so it was it
was about 33%.
So it was pretty accurate to this stat here.
So that's pretty interesting.
OK.
So we're on this slide.
So the dangers of identity theft, according to an article
by Gaetano Dinardi, there are at least 14 dangers of being a
victim of identity theft.
I'm only going over a few of them that I feel are more
important, the most important, but you guys can check out the
rest of them if you like.
For my reference slide at the end of the presentation, when a
criminal steals your identity, they can open credit cards and
take out loans under your name.
This can have a negative effect on your credit score and your
ability to take out loans if the issue is unresolved, which can
take a lot of your time and money to fix.
Next, hackers can take over your email accounts and any other
accounts that your email is associated with.
They can simply reset passwords and have verification sent to
the email they hijacked, which would which would be
inconvenient and almost impossible to recover from.
One of those account types that can be hijacked or social media
accounts.
I'm sure most, if not all of you have received that message on
social media from an account that was compromised.
I know I've gotten a few I I usually end up messaging them
and asking if they've been hacked.
Uh, sometimes the type of content could be detrimental to
the original account owner and could be difficult to convince
others that they weren't responsible for the loud message
or content.
Also, your personal information can be sold to scammers, which
will make you a bigger target for spam calls and emails.
Scammers are also getting more creative with their attempts.
We've all seen it.
I'm sure you guys have seen the text messages or emails about an
Amazon package not being delivered because they couldn't
verify your account information.
They are aware that most people nowadays are using Amazon as a
daily part of their lives, which makes them more likely to fall
for the scam.
Finally, once you are a victim of identity theft, you're more
likely to become a victim again.
This is because you're a personal information rarely
changes.
Once you have your Social Security number and date of
birth, you can't really change that.
So that personal information can circle around the dark web until
it is ready to be used again in a future attack.
So what is financial security?
Financial security has a lot of different meanings to pay on who
you ask.
It could mean prioritizing retirement savings, making smart
investments, or creating healthy financial habits for long term
goals.
The meaning I am associating financial security with tonight
comes from a quote from Brent Wise, a certified financial
planner and the head of financial Wellness at facet, as
quoted in the US News money.
It's the piece of mind of what he calls financial calm that
comes with the comfort of knowing you have the financial
resilience to weather life's unpredictable storms.
It means knowing that your money is secure and will be there
tomorrow being a victim of identity theft can make you feel
insecure about your financial future.
But there are ways to protect yourself.
In fact, I'm going to go over the ways that you can mitigate
and in some cases prevent the financial damage that we could
that could be caused from being a victim of identity theft.
According to an article in money wise, Eric Reisenberg Rosenberg.
Sorry, explains that there are eight things you can do to keep
your financial information secure.
I'm not gonna go over all of them, but feel free to check
them out in my reference page.
Uh, so you should be checking your credit report a few times a
year and sign up for credit monitoring.
You should also reduce the amount of personal information
you post online that can expose personal details to those who
would exploit you for any account that offers it.
You should activate two factor authentication to help secure
the account.
Further, use a secure password manager to store passwords for
sites so you can create complex passwords without needing to
remember them.
If you are familiar on how to use them, which I believe most
people in here should be, you should use a VPN or a virtual
private network when accessing financial information.
And finally, be aware of all the fishing emails and submission
scams that are out there and know what to look for.
I will be going over these in a great detail.
So the most important thing you can do first is to consistently
check on your credit report.
You can ask for a credit report at no charge once a year from
each of the three credit bureaus.
Equifax, Experian and TransUnion.
That means you can get up to three reports free each year, so
it's best to get one every four months.
The crew report is important because it will let you know if
there are any changes in your credit score due to unusual
activity.
However, finding the activity after the fact can sometimes be
too late.
This is where credit monitoring shines.
With credit monitoring, you can check on your credit report in
real time.
Companies like Credit Karma and Credit Sesame offer credit
monitoring services, usually for free.
Thanks to cybersecurity, I'm not on social media anymore, but I
know probably most of you guys are and most probably share way
more information about themselves than they should.
With most accounts, there are security questions that need to
be answered to recover forgotten account names or passwords.
Some of these are so easy to answer where someone who knows
you personally or at least follows your social media
account would be able to make educated guesses on what the
answers could be.
For example, what if a question asked what what your favorite
team is, and there are plenty of photos of you online dressed in
Dallas Cowboy fan gear.
Sometimes we don't think about what kind of details we were
revealing to the public, but there is an easy fix to that.
When you are first setting up these security questions lie
about your answers.
Instead of putting your favorite team, maybe put your least
favorite team.
Maybe instead of putting what elementary school he went to lie
and put Hogwarts instead.
Make it harder for someone who doesn't know you to be able to
get private information about you, or at least make it harder
for them to answer the security questions about you.
Another thing that is becoming more common with accounts is 2
factor authentication.
I would suggest if an account offers it, use it.
This is an added security process that goes beyond just
using a password.
Two factor authentication types range from something you have
with you, such as a mobile app on your phone to something you
are like a fingerprint or facial scan.
This prevents hackers from getting into your accounts
through passwords alone, either through brute force attacks or
data breaches with leaked usernames and passwords.
Just knowing the password alone will not allow unauthorized
access into your accounts.
Keeping your online information secure.
Secure password managers are an invaluable tool to prevent and
mitigate online accounts from being hacked.
Most of us have at least 20 plus accounts online at any given
time.
I think I have like a / 80 of them and try to remember the
password for each of those accounts would be extremely
difficult.
So we end up using the same password or a similar variation
of it for all our accounts.
I'm guilty of this.
The issue with this is that if a hacker gets the password from
one account, they most likely will have access to all the
accounts associated with the email account because the
passwords are all the same.
This is where the strength of a secure password manager comes
in.
Password managers will save your passwords automatically and
apply them to the websites you use.
You can have them generate extremely long and complex
passwords that you won't need to remember, making it nearly
impossible for hackers to get into your accounts.
I currently use Google's password manager, but there are
many more out there such as Norpass 1 password and even
Norman has one.
My Google password manager will let me know how many reused
passwords I have, what accounts use weak passwords, and if any
of those passwords have been compromised.
Virtual private networks, or VPN's, are a great addition to
your security arsenal.
A VPN will add an extra layer of protection when accessing or
transmitting information online.
By encrypting your data and hiding your true identity and
location, VPN's are a must when using public Wi-Fi connections,
which can be a hot zone for cyber criminal activity, they
also serve as an extra layer of protection when connecting the
financial institutions online, and will also block Internet
service providers from tracking any data from you such as
passwords, social media and location data.
The type of VPN that you should be using is a personal VPN.
A personal VPN.
Have the users device connected directly to the VPN server and
is used to protect your privacy and access.
Uh to geography?
Restricted content.
These VPNs include Nord VPN, express VPN and Norton secure
VPN.
The final thing you should be aware of, maybe the most
obvious, but it is easiest and the most successful way hackers
can get a hold of your information, and that is through
phishing scams.
Everyone in here gets those phishing emails claiming they
won a free trip somewhere, or then an account has been frozen
and needs to be verified, or the text messages alerting you that
your your Amazon package has hasn't arrived yet.
Unless, unless you click their provided link to fix the issue.
Whatever the method used, we need to be wary and know what to
look for.
Some of this might be a typo in the business name, such as an
added character or letter.
Or improper grammar or hovering over the hyperlink with your
pointer.
Will show a completely different destination address if you ever.
If you're ever on the fence of whether it is a scam or real,
just go straight to their website or call them directly.
Don't ever click links in the attached messages unless you are
100% certain it is legit.
So I was a victim of a data breach of a third party that my
company partnered with where they had access to my Social
Security number and date of birth.
Uh, good thing I was proactive and I was already using some of
these methods to secure my financial accounts and if I
weren't, the damage could have been a lot worse.
So my bank had called me to see if I had applied for a $30,000
business loan, which I hand it and I was able to stop it dead
in its tracks.
We also discovered a telephone number that had been added to my
account that I didn't recognize, and we got that removed
immediately.
I also contacted one of the credit bureaus to put a freeze
on my credit, which makes it extremely difficult to apply for
loans within the within the covered period, which I think
they cover it for one year and then after that you have to
renew it yourself.
So I highly recommend that if you are not using any of the
methods I have suggested to protect yourself online that you
start immediately and if you are, stay vigilant and protect
your financial future.
Thank you.
And here are my references.
Excellent job.
A lot of information.
Great information.
Let me tell you that this is something I should show my my
Yeah.
core core students.
Yeah.
And also being a victim of it, you learn a lot of what you need
Yeah.
Yeah, you do.
to do and it's it's not fun so.
At a locked down my Amazon, I don't know how they did it, but
Yeah.
they stole my.
My Amazon gift card money.
Nothing else they didn't get into my bank account.
They stole my gift card money.
Yeah, not cool.
I don't.
I don't know how they did that, but it's locked down now.
So thank you.
Learn the hard way.
OK, that was great.
Let me see on the list.
Caleb, you're next.
Are you ready?
And I do have it figured out with with some Mac.
If you need help with that.
Sorry mate, my microphone wasn't selected, sorry.
OK. Thanks.
Alright, give me one second.
That literally but.
Or at least having one screen.
Thankfully, have two, so this makes it a bit easier.
Look me up, OK?
Yeah, it took me a minute.
But if if anybody else wants to know when you share, you're
allowed to choose a window, and if you open it up and you're
viewing the presenter view.
But that means that the other slide show is open in another
window.
So then you choose the window with the slideshow on it and you
can read even if it's overlaying, you know on top of
the window.
It's fine.
We we shouldn't see it because you were only choosing that
window.
Or screen it just depends, but I can't do it while I'm while I'm
watching, but that's how you do it.
All right, Caleb, all yours.
Sorry, I had to go turn off my air conditioning so it doesn't
interrupt.
Alright, so this presentation is on software versus hardware and
troubleshooting.
As you can see, uh, and I'll go on.
I'll talk about both sides of the coin.
Uh, so first we've got software, now the software errors are
difficult to spot and just as difficult to solve since there's
no way to visually assess the reason to your problem.
However, software is cheaper and sometimes quicker to solve.
Now this can be limited to, uh, the kind of software that you're
dealing with.
Sometimes you can't tell, but which software is having the
problem.
It can cause their there could be errors that are caused by I
software in the background of your computer, so at that point
you you need to do a lot more digging.
Uh, hence it's.
It's hard to visually assess the problem now.
The second side of this coin is the hardware now hardware.
Uh, when you come across a hardware issue process to fix
that problem will normally consist of testing each piece of
hardware until you find the which one is causing the
problem.
This style of troubleshooting can take more time and become
expensive, but ultimately displays a problem in the result
more transparently.
Now when it comes to hardware, uh, finding the.
The the source of the problem.
Usually there's some components in your computer so you can test
each one and immediately find which one is the problem.
Now stay.
Your ram is broken somehow.
One of the pins are bent or it's dirty you.
Your motherboard will normally show an error code on.
Usually it's a light.
Some motherboards are fancy and they have a little little screen
and that that's a good way to find what your problem is is
just from looking at it now.
Sometimes there is other codes for each.
Uh part?
Sometimes there's a code for your CPU.
If your CPU pin is bent, one of that can happen just from
touching the CPU.
Ron umm.
Sometimes your heat sync isn't seated correctly onto the CPU.
That can cause overheating and sometimes the your hard drives.
Sorry your hard drives or your solid state drives can be
installed incorrectly or come loose overtime.
UM, and that can result in some hardware related issues now.
Uh, let's go over what a software bug is now.
I'm sure most of you know what a software bug is, but it
encompasses a range of issues that impact the smooth operation
of computer programs and applications spanning from the
operating system and drivers to antivirus software, web
browsers, office suites, and games.
These issues manifest through various symptoms like sluggish
performance, frequent freezes, crashes, intrusive pop-ups,
cryptic error messages, data loss or security vulnerabilities
you pinpoint and address.
These software related hiccups, one must employ an array of
diagnostic tools and techniques.
This includes scrutinizing system settings, performing
software updates, conducting virus and malware scans,
leveraging troubleshooting Wizards, initiating system
restores, and, if necessary, reinstalling the affected
software to restore functionality.
Now all these steps will usually solve the problem, however.
Some issues are so deep rooted into your computer on the
software side of things that sometimes you have to do a
complete windows reinstallation.
That sucks, but UM, I've had to do that a couple times and you
wanna back up as much data as it can before you do that so that
you don't lose all of your files as far as applications goes.
Usually it's easier to just reinstall the applications after
reinstalling windows, because applications usually don't work
very well after you reinstall Windows.
So yeah, software is a lot more tedious to deal with.
Now we'll look at hardware difficulties.
Now this is of course less tedious, but at the same time
can become more expensive.
Hardware problems pertain to issues that impact the physical
elements of a computer system and composing components such as
the motherboard, CPU, RAM, hard drive, power supply, keyboard
and mouse and monitor, and among other parts.
These problems may manifest as issues like lack of power,
absence of display, absence of sound, excessive heat
generation, spontaneous system shutdowns, appearance of blue
screens, the mission of beeping sounds where the display of
error messages, as I've mentioned before, the process of
diagnosing hardware problems necessitates the utilization of
diverse tools and methodologies.
These include tasks like inspecting cables and
connections, assessing voltage in current levels, employing
diagnostic software, substituting components, or
conducting a thorough examination of the internal
components by opening the computers case.
Now I also mentioned here.
Substituting components, that's a really important part of
diagnosing hardware, because if you have an extra part that you
are suspecting is the problem, say your graphics card is dying,
but you you don't know for sure yet, and you have an extra 1,
you can you can swap that out pretty easily.
Plug it in and if you're issue stops, then you know it's
probably your graphics card you wanna do this with a lot of your
different parts.
Umm, I know a lot of people probably don't just have extra
parts lying around, but if you are a computer geek like me and
have these parts lying around, then it's the best way to
troubleshoot hardware now.
Uh, I kind of already covered a lot of the hardware side of
things as far as troubleshooting.
I'll go into more depth about that soon, but there's three
examples I have here of how to troubleshoot software now.
The first one is the classic blue screen of death.
Now this this can be specifically because your
Windows operating system.
Umm.
Well, there's several reasons I should say if you encounter this
upon startup, you can try selecting the start windows
normally option to see if that fixes the issue.
Alternatively, you can force a system restart by pressing
control alt and delete simultaneously and then return
to the Windows option to check for any for the reoccurring blue
screen.
Another approach is to press the F8 key and select safe mode from
the Windows startup menu, because running that running
your computer in safe mode often helps eliminate errors.
Now this can usually be because of the Windows registry.
Sometimes that can get corrupted or certain applications
interfere with each other.
Uh, now, if these methods don't resolve the issue, then you can
attempt a system restore now.
Sometimes that includes reinstalling windows, which
again is a pretty big task to do and is like the last resort to
do.
Now the second thing we'll be looking at is corrupted drivers.
Now this is this happens more than people realize it, but
crypted drivers can cause a whole assortment of software
related problems now prevalent cause of software issues in your
system can be a driver, often leading to the infamous blue
screen of death that I mentioned before, where your system screen
freezes, disrupting your work.
Now to address this issue, follow these steps.
Firstly, open the device manager by typing dev hmm dot MSC into
the Run tab or you can right click on your Windows startup
screen and you can select task manager in the pop up menu.
Uh, now expand the menu categories to reveal the list of
drivers running on your system.
Carefully inspect the drivers for any with the yellow icon
indicating corruption.
When you identify a corrupt driver, right click on it and
select the option to update it, restoring your system stability.
Now updating your drivers daily?
Well, not daily, but when there is an update, you need to update
your drivers.
That's very important and will prevent software problems.
Now the third, uh, the third demonstration I have here is the
slow download speeds.
Now this can be from a plethora of issues that can affect your
download speeds, but many individuals encounter a software
issue a both downloading and uploading speeds.
Now that problem becomes particularly apparent when
multiple people you're using the Internet within the same
household.
This can significantly impact your Internet speeds, causing
frustration of course.
And to address this concern, insider running an online speed
test to assess your current Internet speeds and to see if
improvements are necessary.
Now, sometimes this traffic problem can be because of the
carrier you're on.
Sometimes there's a lot of people at once on the same
carrier on the same lines in the town, and that that can be
considered a slow day.
I've had that before now.
Additionally, it's advisable to inspect your web browser for any
background processes and following file downloads or
uploads as those hidden tasks may be contributing to the
sluggish performance of your Internet by actively monitoring
and addressing these factors, who can work towards enhancing
your online experience and resolving issues related to slow
data transfer speeds?
Now that's a lot of information to take in at once, but that's
the one side of the coin for software troubleshooting.
Second side of the coin, we got hardware troubleshooting now.
This is more straightforward, usually.
UM now the obvious solution.
When your computer won't turn on, is to check if your power
supply is plugged in or turned on.
I've been building computers for over 8 years and I still have
this problem where I accidentally keep the power
supply off.
It's it's a rookie mistake, but everyone makes it so after you
make sure everything's plugged in.
Try different power outlets because a fuse can blow simply
from your computer, and if your computer is a high power system
that's especially prevalent because not only are you
plugging in just your computer, you're also plugging in your
keyboard and mouse all your accessories so that all that
combined power can cause a a huge shortage.
Now another problem is sometimes the monitor, the mouse and
keyboard can cause your system to not boot.
This is purely BIOS related, which is actually a software
troubleshooting, but if you unplug your monitor, try a
different monitor.
Try different mouse or try a different keyboard.
That might fix your problem.
Those are more cost effective because usually keyboard and
mice or uh monitors or more readily available and you can
swap those out easier.
But after you check those, uh, focus on the computer itself,
check for the illuminated lights on your motherboard.
See if there are any.
I have LED indicators that are showing any obvious solutions
and you can look up the different uh lights on Google
and see which one pertains to what component and that should
get you on the right track to get your computer turned on.
Now when your computer freezes.
That's uh, that's usually the most frustrating part of the
troubleshooting.
Uh, say you're working on a college project in your computer
just freezes.
That can be pretty annoying.
However, sometimes that's just because there's a lot going on
in the background, so if you wait usually waiting it out will
resolve itself.
Now, if that doesn't happen in like 1020 minutes, then you
might wanna consider closing the program and if that fails, shut
down the computer.
Uh, this is the last resort, but hold the power button down and
then restart it in safe mode after saving your work.
And if these steps don't work, then you might be dealing with
faulty hardware or problematic device driver, in which case
replacing the defective component will help prevent
further issues.
Now this additionally there is also a of a chance that you have
a virus on your computer.
That doesn't happen as often as normal hardware related issues,
but you wanna make sure you do not have any viruses.
So, uh, if you download an antivirus, you wanna run that
every week at least, and make sure you back up your important
files.
But now the third and last example I have here is
insufficient memory.
A lot of people don't.
Realize that this is a actually a pretty big problem, but.
There will quite often be an error message that comes up as
insufficient memory or disk space.
Now there are several steps you can take to address this issue.
Initially, you can alleviate the problem, at least temporarily,
by closing excess windows to free up RAM.
Now, if this doesn't resolve the error, consider rebooting your
computer and ensuring you have the latest operating system
update installed.
And if you genuinely lack sufficient available memory
space and can verify this by using the performance monitor,
which you can access in Windows by pressing Windows R and typing
per Mon, which is PER FM ON in the open field.
In such cases, it's an advisable to uninstall, delete unused or
unnecessary files, particularly those related to videos or
music, or just back them up onto an external drive.
As a final solution, you may need to augment your systems
memory by adding more RAM.
Now I've found that's pretty important because when I'm
running a lot of things at once, I used to have some freezing
problems.
However, when I upgraded to 32 gigs of RAM list of 16 that
actually freed up a lot.
Uh, now this is because I do a lot of heavy stuff, including
gaming, so.
Umm.
Having extra RAM is pretty important and for a regular
office computer 16 is usually enough.
But consider upgrading anyway, that pretty much wraps up my
presentation.
I have citations at the end.
I got my work cited at the end.
If you wanna see those, but are there any questions?
Excellent job.
I mean, just knowing most of these things really puts you in
the IT field.
I mean, cause you gotta know how to use computers.
Umm for sure.
Anything comes up, but then of course now you're the one.
You're the go to person, so everybody asks you what's wrong
with my computer?
Well, that's that's what happened with my family.
They, uh, they they immediately go to me whenever they have uh
Yes.
computer problems.
Of course. Yeah.
And then you go under the desk and say you're supposed to have
it plugged in.
Did you turn it off?
Did you turn it back on?
You know all the questions.
That that, that's pretty much the troubleshooting process
Yeah.
right there.
Yep, that's it.
Well, excellent.
Great job.
Definitely good, good, good.
Thank you.
Hannah, Are you ready?
Yes.
Can you all hear me?
Yes.
OK, awesome.
I've been having some Internet troubles throughout the day
today, but we've been good all through this meeting, so
crossing our fingers that we're gonna stay good.
We will definitely.
All righty.
Let me get it.
OK. Goodness.
All right.
Can y'all see it?
Yes.
OK, gorgeous. Beautiful.
And you still see it.
Yes.
Is it in presenter mode Now this is.
Yes.
Yeah.
I mean, we see what we're supposed to the slides, yes.
OK, perfect.
This is my first time doing the Microsoft Teams as well.
I've always done zoom, so this is awesome.
Ohh yeah good.
OK, perfect.
Alright, well, my name is Hannah Carnes.
I am getting my analytics degree through Purdue Global.
I'm in the analytics and business Development Department
and I'm looking into machine learning in Wildlife
Conservation now.
My first foray into secondary education was in biology with a
basis in environmental science and zoology conservation.
So marrying this topic with my current degree in analytics
truly feels just like the best case scenario for everything.
All right, So what is animal conservation?
Animal conservation refers to the efforts aimed at protecting
and preserving animal species and their habitats and involves
various strategies and policies and actions to prevent the
extinction of species, maintain biodiversity, restore
ecosystems, uh maintain and yeah for store ecosystems.
Uh, challenges in animal conservation include habitat
loss due to human activities like deforestation and
urbanization, as well as climate change, poaching, invasive
species and disease outbreaks.
Deforestation.
Urbanization are forms of habitat loss, and these actions
can threaten species all the way from the biggest elephants to
the smallest microorganisms.
Rising temperatures and extreme weather come with climate
change, and these are altering how wildlife are able to
function in their natural habitats.
And then poaching for animal parts as a continual illegal
activity that scientists and wildlife activists are
constantly trying to combat in these protected areas.
Now there is always a need for new innovations.
The need for innovative solutions and conservation
arises due to the increasing threats to wildlife and the
limited resources available for manual monitoring and
protection.
Those who work in conservation are finding new ways to use
technologies like AI and machine learning to combat these issues
and predict when new issues will arise.
So for fundamentals of machine learning in AI, machine learning
is a subset of artificial intelligences that focuses on
the development of algorithms and models that allow machines
and computers to learn and make predictions or decisions from
data.
Key concepts include data, algorithms, models, machine
learning relies on large data sets for training models, and an
animal conservation.
This data can include everything from collected data to images,
audio recordings, environmental data and even more algorithms
are the mathematical techniques used to train these models to
make predictions, and models are trained using data to recognize
patterns and make predictions in conservation models.
Can identify species, track movements or predict habitat
changes.
Now types of machine learning include supervised, unsupervised
and reinforcement learning amongst many new things that
always are developing.
The type of learning depends on whether the data is labeled for
supervised or unlabeled, for unsupervised, and reinforcement
learning is not used often in conservation, but it can be
applied to optimize conservation strategies over time.
Labeled data can include things like images with species names
attached, and unlabeled data could be clusters of species or
even habitat types.
So how was machine learning used in animal conservation?
There are.
1000 ways that people are using this new technology to really
make big, big impacts every single day.
But these are just kind of the basic umbrella, almost ways that
people are using it.
So for wildlife monitoring, machine learning is used to
analyze data from camera traps, drones and satellites.
Algorithms can automatically identify and count animals and
images and videos, helping researchers monitor populations
and behavior.
So researchers used to just watch these camera traps and
manually speed UPS the data speed up the video, of course,
but manually identify these animals as they're coming up on
these camera traps.
Now we're able to use machine learning to even just flag a
timestamp when there's movement, and maybe it can detect size it
can.
It's immense what people are able to do with this new
technology that is coming out.
So for species identification, again, machine learning models
can identify species based on various data sources like image
recognition, audio analysis and even DNA data per habitat
preservation.
Predictive models use environmental data like
temperature, precipitation, and vegetation to forecast habitat
changes.
This information helps conservation as plan and adapt
strategies to protect critical habitats in these protected
areas in an anti poaching efforts, machine learning is
employed to predict and prevent poaching activities.
For example, they are putting out acoustic sensors and machine
learning can be used to detect gunshots or the sounds of
vehicles and protected areas, which will trigger rapid
response efforts in these protected zones.
So machine learning can process vast amounts of ecological data
as we know.
Like satellite imagery, climate data, animal tracking data,
these can be used to detect patterns and trends that inform
conservation strategies.
Machine learning models can also be used for predictions like
predicting habitat changes.
Do species distributions and the potential impacts of climate
change?
Conservationists are currently using this technology to manage
these products, like species counting or detecting poachers.
But once an area has been established enough with this
technology and what is in it, we can use these technologies like
machine learning to predict how these species move and how
different weather throughout seasons will change the habitat,
amongst other things, as well as predictions.
Behavioral analysis will use how animals move to provide insights
to behaviors, migration routes and resource utilization as
well.
So some current projects and efforts that are going on, two
that I found, one is based in New Zealand and then one is
based in and the planes area of Africa.
So the spy fish atreya is a citizen science based project
using base using baited underwater cameras to attract
fish for species and notification in counts.
I found this particular project on wildlife date dot AI which is
linked at the end, but then also that's just the simple URL for
it.
It's a New Zealand based charitable trust that is focused
on using AI to protect biodiversity, so they currently
have four projects going on, one of them being the spicy fish
Atria, which this picture in the top right is a picture from that
and their website is just amazing.
It's really awesome.
Also, if you are trying to teach children about maybe how AI is
being used because it's really simplified information, it's not
all the big words and it's not like lists and lists like in a
research paper.
It's very, very easily digestible.
And then for ohh, that's a species counting project as
well.
And then for the Harvard project conservation with UAV's, Harvard
has a project using unmanned aerial vehicles, or UAV's, over
protected areas of Africa with a base in South Africa to detect
poachers targeting rhinoceros and elephants.
They are also using game theory for deployment efforts of
Rangers to the site of poachers, and then this image is a still
of the video provided by Harvard on their website, which is using
the spot tool, which stands for a systematic poacher detector.
According to Harvard's website, Spot is a tool that
automatically detects poachers in a long wave.
Thermal Infrared UAV videos.
This particular video is speed up 20 times and shows a 30
minute test at the site using Microsoft Azure on a slow
Internet connection, according to the website.
So it goes to show this technology is extremely
accessible and does not need to be state of the art to be put
into use.
And I actually do have a portion of the video.
There's no sound to it, so, but this just shows this is drone
footage and you can see how it paused over top of them and all
these blue squares are detecting these people.
And this is a test as well.
This is not an actual poaching situation.
And they it will follow them.
I'm not gonna play the whole thing, but it will follow them
as it goes through, whether it's unmanned or if this one is being
actively piloted by someone.
But you can see even as it moves, it's able to detect them.
So this is just an amazing technology that we have been
able to develop for these efforts.
There we go.
OK, so of course they're going to be some challenges and
limitations.
Challenges include ethical concerns, particularly regarding
data privacy and the use of AI in these sensitive ecosystems.
Limited data availability can also be a challenge, especially
for rare or endangered species, because we don't have a lot of
information on them and so that will still involve a lot of
human effort in that sense.
And then model accuracy can or may vary depending on the data
quality and complexity of the task at hand, but for the future
there are tons of advancements coming for us.
There's a very strong potential for machine learning to continue
advancing conservation efforts, especially if trends like AI
with drones and sensors for real time monitoring keep being
integrated into these efforts.
And then citizen science, like I mentioned in the current
projects for the spy fish atreya is also a key component in
moving forward with conservation efforts.
Citizen Science is the act of local spending time outside,
observing the nature that they live in and are so fond of, and
are contributing ideas.
And important observations to local conservation teams.
So I currently live just outside of protective wildlife.
I live in East Tennessee, just 20 minutes from one of the
interests of the Great Smoky Mountain National Park and
citizen science can be as simple as going on a hike or a walk,
talking with a park Ranger that you pass by about the different
birds you've seen on your hike.
This then allows the Rangers and researchers to apply this
information to current projects, which can then be fed to machine
learning efforts that then suddenly have a new area to set
up for species counting or migration movements.
Machine learning is allowing these projects to move out of
the data gathering phase much more quickly than ever before,
and we're able to move into these predictive phases.
Now finally, machine learning and AI has the ability to change
how biodiversity and animal conservation functions as a
whole.
The technology is still being developed and deployed, but
scientists are making waves in how much more efficient they are
able to be with these new technologies, machine learning
and Wildlife Conservation could be the answer to saving
endangered species and rebuilding all of these habitats
that are currently going down.
And then this is my reference slide and to see if I have any
questions for me.
That's excellent.
What a great view on that, that his help for children, that is
helpful for children, understand that better.
Yeah, that website was really amazing.
I came across it just in my research and wildlife dot AI, so
yeah, if anyone has any little kids, it's super great to show
them how AI's not just like scary robot people that are
walking around, that that we see in the news.
Well, I think any any of us really, because we're all kind
of you know something some of us are kind of worried about AI,
but there are some benefits to a I I think you know those of us
who are are grown up with Terminator kind of understand AR
but you know we get scared from that.
But you know the new generation is going to understand it
better, but we want them to see it in a healthy manner.
So and I think that's a good one, very good, great point of
view on that.
Thank you.
All right.
Does anybody have any questions?
All right, I have one left that I will present.
Or her Jamie is with us.
I think Jamie here, although she can't speak, but she has a baby
that might speak for her at times.
So I'm going to show the recording that she did for for
presentation.
See.
Umm.
Alright.
Can you see the screen?
That's.
Alright, I'll get it started.
Hi everyone.
My name is Jamie Rumage and the title of my master class
presentation is the future of life.
I so to start with what is Lifi in its most basic form is a
light based wireless communications that will
theoretically exceed our standard and existing radio wave
wireless standards to the tune of a maximum 224 gigabytes per
second.
According to lifi.co, Lifi stands for light fidelity, a
term that is derived from wireless fidelity or Wi-Fi.
It is one of the newest communications technologies
aiming to improve upon the current technology through the
use of visible light in lieu of the prevailing radio frequency
technology as a medium for data transport.
Lifi, or 802.11 B as it is defined by the IEEE when it was
ratified and published as a standard in 2023, marks a
significant milestone for the Li Fi market as it provides a
globally recognized framework for deployment of Wi-Fi
technology.
One important there thing to understand about life I is that
it's really not meant to replace Wi-Fi, though it's meant to
complement it in many areas of situations where Wi-Fi may
suffer.
Li Fi may be able to compensate vice versa.
Alternatively, for certain other use cases, the LED based
wireless standard is pitched as an alternative like I could be
especially useful when radio frequencies are inhibited or
banned when the security of the connection is paramount or
whenever you want speed of light transfer.
The cost of light of line, of sight alignment in today's busy
world, where more and more devices are connecting and
communicating over the Internet, the need for on demand services
and continuous data is also growing at a staggering rate.
Internet users demand high bandwidth activities such as
video streaming, online gaming and business level applications.
Furthermore, these services need to be delivered wirelessly,
allowing for maximum mobility.
The current wireless technologies and use face many
problems and meeting these growing demands.
Security, efficiency, availability and capacity are
all complications for Wi-Fi.
It is possible to solve these problems without departing from
Wi-Fi?
Did it development of a more powerful Wi-Fi technology, more
complex encryption schemes, and the growing use of ubiquity?
The growing growth of ubiquity and ubiquity of Wi-Fi devices.
All that is required for a coded communication is a binary
system.
I light bulb turned on and off repeatedly provides the
potential for communicating ones and zeros, LED's and high
brightness lights can flicker off and on thousands of times
per second.
Lifi is based on binary logic.
When the LED is on, it transmits, A1, transmits A1 and
when it is off it transmits a 0.
The transmitted optical signal is detected and received by a
solid state photodiode at the.
These are equipment receiver Lifi operates in, a system that
utilizes a controller to transmit data along with the
controlling, with the controlling light bulb.
The controller also controls the varied rate at which the LED is
switched off and on, which is a critical component in data
transmission.
With Wi-Fi, the content that I screamed and encoded is located
in the lamp driver, which is connected to the LED light bulb.
The LED light bulb also contains a microchip that converts the
digital data to light waves and transmits along with the lamp
driver.
The microchip is also a critical component to the switching of
the LED's for data transmission, a device equipped with a
photodiode or photodetector is responsible for the receiving of
the streamed content to the Lightning once received by the
photodetector, streams are amplified and then decoded into
binary that is viewed as applications that run on devices
and able to use the Internet.
Life I can support high throughput and low latency
because the spectrum of visible light is bigger, much bigger
than the radio spectrum.
It also claims to be superior because light cannot pass
through opaque solid objects, making it harder for the past of
IQ detect.
And intercept a life by signal.
It also doesn't need to be a bright light in order to work,
nor does it require ambient light like I can transmit data
on infrared light.
One is with limitations though, is that a life I dongle has to
fall in line within the line of sight of a a Wi-Fi hotspot in
order to maintain a connection, put a life I enabled spotlight.
That smartphone in your pocket, for example, in the connection
drops or walk from one room to the other, and the device would
need to connect to another hotspot.
Do these limitations Lifi is being developed as a tech that
complements Wi-Fi rather than competes with it, like FI and
Wi-Fi are designed to be completely interoperable,
enabling devices to connect to the same LAN using either
method?
Some benefits of life I security.
It provides entirely secure access where there is no light,
there is no data.
Traditional radio based communications pose some big
problems in military settings because simply sending data
using radio waves can reveal your location to an enemy.
In addition, if the enemy can intercept and crypt the radio
waves, any data you transmit can become known.
The fact that radio waves can be jammed in order to cycle
communications only worsens the issue of using radio for
military communications.
Wi-Fi solves all these problems directed precise life.
I communications enable military actors to send information with
a low, much lower risk of detection and interference.
Security is enhanced as targeted light waves are much more
difficult to intercept.
Safety life I does not produce electromagnetic radiation and
does not interfere with existing electronic systems.
Since the light spectrum is is light spectrum is much broader
than the radio spectrum, the risk of interference which
occurs when devices try to send different data on the same
frequency at the same time, it's virtually nonexistent in my with
Wi-Fi localization.
Umm, this allows.
Localization due to the small coverage area of a Wi-Fi access
point, it can be used for very precise access tracking X
additionally, like by connections can be pinpointed in
a way that radio waves simply can't.
This level of precision means that you can know exactly which
device is doing what over a Wi-Fi connection.
This is very important for highly confidential information
or restricted personnel.
If you are under a cone of light, your location is known
with centimeter accuracy.
You can track which devices that's accessing a specific file
and a specific location.
It's extremely useful when you wanna limit access to or ensure
the security of specific information by allowing access
only via a particular area.
Also, it's possible to direct data at targeted devices.
You can create a wireless network that only works with
devices that you designate, allowing for an intentional
approach to network design.
Radio waves don't offer this type of precision.
With radio, your devices transmit data in all directions
and the typical way to restrict which devices can join a network
is to use authentication technologies.
By using the high drop off of light, we can ensure direction
and location as part of authentication at the signal
level.
Right now, a cumbersome combination of both Bluetooth
and Wi-Fi is used for the same purpose.
Light can do both in one go with life.
I you could more visibility into your network and higher rates of
security.
Lastly, data density provides ubiquitous high speed wireless
access that offers substantial, substantially greater dense data
density, which is data rate per unit area than RF through high
bandwidth reuse.
Lifi supports higher bandwidth bandwidth rates than radio
waves.
This means Li Fi could relegate dead zones, meaning areas where
radio wave links are too spotty to enable viable communications.
A thing of the past, it could also allow a large number of
people or devices to share a single Wi-Fi connection without
worrying about running out of bandwidth.
Some benefits of life i.e.
Some use cases according to one of the standards.
Developers include classrooms, medical and industrial scenarios
operating in the optical spectrum rather than the limited
amount of licensed radio wavelength wavelengths ensures
higher reliability and lower latency and jitter.
It also reduces jamming and eavesdropping and enables very
precise indoor navigation.
Some use cases.
It is true that life by technology is still in its
development stages.
Its inability to transmit long distances successfully and
without great derailment from interference is problematic.
However, the potential for high data transfer transmission rates
cannot be understated as more research is done and as more
technological advances are made life, I will continually make
its way into the consumer marketplace.
It will provide spectrum relief by using light in place of radio
waves like I had the greater range of available frequencies
as the visible light spectrum is 10,000 times larger than the
entire radio spectrum, it will enhance mobile connectivity
using a visible light communications or a VLC system.
Uh.
Promising unparalleled wire knit wireless Internet speeds.
It will help enable communication in hazardous
environments such as that.
As like I systems require less energy and admit less heat
during data transmission.
On the flip side, the use of the visible light spectrum will help
alleviate concerns about the electromagnetic waves used with
Wi-Fi that could have potentially adverse effects on
our health.
Lastly, it could be used in areas that currently have no way
to communicate or send data.
Examples include underwater communications in aircrafts,
operating rooms.
Uh, we're electromagnetic waves will interfere with surgical
equipment and of course, government, government and
military situations where data security is of the most
importance.
I don't see a voice here so.
Do the technology of the 802.11 B task lifewire traction
interest from some of the biggest industry players,
ranging from semiconductor companies to leading mobile
phone manufacturers, the Pure Life company out of Scotland
just launched.
Chip called the light antenna one in February.
It's with a module small enough that it can theoretically be
integrated into smartphones, which it claims can already
deliver over 1 GB per second, depending upon the use case,
although it's only rated to communicate with devices that
are under 10 feet away and it has a 24 degree field of view.
When transmitting back most of these lesser known companies on
the left bottom left are making investments that are getting the
attention of much larger companies like Siemens,
Panasonic and Philips.
Though little known in our country, they are some of the
big name players in other countries that are moving this
technology toward mainstream life.
I tech news made a few predictions for the future of
this technology.
Miniaturization will continue to expand for IO T devices.
Miniaturization could be defined as the process of making
something very small using modern technology.
The miniaturization of electronic components has made
it possible to build small, portable and handheld computing
devices that can be carried almost anywhere and at any time.
As a result, smaller and lighter devices have high profit, high
processing capacity, having high processing processing has the RF
available on the market over the past decade, we have seen how
many Lifi systems have become smaller and smaller, more Lifi
systems.
Customization will also be deployed.
Product customers that customization generally means
that a customer can select specific features,
functionalities, add on components or other options to
make a more unique item rather than a mass produced one.
Most Wi-Fi companies, such as Pure Li Fi, OLED com and signify
offer Lifi system customization to the specific requirements
that of their clients.
And we are seeing this in, in the defense industry as well,
like I Internet infrastructure will be built from 2023 and
beyond.
We will start to see the rise and deployment of a new Wi-Fi
Internet infrastructure that will be tailored to life by
systems, functionalities and eventually life by universal
compatibility.
They predict that this new upcoming Wi-Fi Internet
infrastructure will be one of the ways to start deploying Li
Fi on a mass market level large scale Lifi products like Lifi,
cities in data, find Wi-Fi cities as an urban area where Li
Fi Internet and device connectivity are predominantly
used by residents and businesses.
This means life I connectivity and range of environments such
as residential homes, offices, casinos, libraries, transport
systems, shopping malls, places of entertainment, hotels, rural
areas and more.
Further life I standardization in addition to the IEEE 802.11
BB standard that was just ratified.
There are others in our future.
Do that are being developed right now are the I 88802.15 dot
seven, which supports high data rate visible light communication
up to 96 megabits per second by fast modulation of optical light
resources, which may be dimmed during operation and the I
triple E 802 DOT 15.7 provides dimmable adaptability mechanism
for flicker free high data rate.
Visible light communication.
Also, the eye 88802.15 dot 13 defines the protocol and
compatibility network equipment for optical wireless
communications and its net and its operation as an optical
wireless personal area network or OWPAN supporting data rates
of multiple gigabits per wireless specialty applications.
These are just a few of the standards that the IEEE is
discussing for future life I technology.
Lastly, the growth in Li Fi education and demand has begun
mainly through research articles, publications, podcasts
and video demonstrations.
This trend will continue, but there is a very long way to go
to increase the awareness of life to the masses.
The increase in the demand for high data transmission rates
among businesses is one of the key driving factors to the
market deriving rising movement towards the deployment of Wi-Fi
technologies and applications such as healthcare and security
offer paper, favorable industry outlook.
Government authorities are to invest in R&D programs to
promote business development.
Due to government policies in the ICT market, such as the
introduction of smart city developments, companies are
required to spend and develop in life.
I additionally the growing demand for networking is
expected to create ample opportunities for key players in
the life on market.
However, lack of awareness about this technology is expected to
hinder the market growth.
In conclusion, by transmitting data through the visible light
spectrum, light gains a duality of purpose, information and
illumination.
This level of efficiency and efficacy will not be ignored by
a competitive market and like I will continue to grow in its
prevalence.
Thank you.
And here's my references.
OK, so that was incredible.
I just happened to be talking to my son about that.
The other day he was asking me about what life I was.
He's like mom.
Yeah, you've been using it all along your remote control, your
I'm writing.
Yeah, that's right.
remote control, and it it's the big weakness here is line of
sight in hope you don't have too much smoker fog cause that will
Yes.
interfere it.
Yep.
Yeah, because it's the photons and the lights have to come
through.
But you know, I mean, I guess I guess my only question is.
Umm.
Maybe we should use X rays.
No.
They're higher energy and less likely going to be affected.
That's that's true.
Of course, you're more toxic.
But yeah, that's gonna say they're more toxic.
That be bad.
Yeah, but I'm just thinking, because the sun would give you
enough light too.
So being outside just from the sun alone, you would have
extreme data, you know, and I mean, it's really just getting
in the dark is where you have the problem. It's.
Maybe we can harness the sun.
Right.
I mean, it's a lot like having, you know, it's a lot like having
That would be better.
the, the.
You know that you put on your house for power, so it the solar
Right.
The solar panels? Mm-hmm.
panel, so it just makes a lot of sense. Wow.
Umm.
Yeah, this stuff's mean.
Optical cables a bit around and this, you know, this is
basically taking the optical cables and making them wireless
Yeah, right.
is what this is.
Yeah.
Because exactly, yes, yes, we've been using that anyways.
Just wow.
That was great.
OK.
One Europe, I'm sorry I I skipped you.
I looked right at the list and then.
Good evening everyone.
You forgot one.
It's fine.
I forgot one, but he's next.
He's here.
If you're ready, you can take over.
My check.
Yes, I hear you.
Can you turn the camera on or?
My camera.
Can you see my screen?
Yes, I see us.
OK.
How about now?
I see your slides. Excellent.
OK.
Yes.
Good.
Good evening everyone.
To Nice presentation is on cyber security threats.
Uh, it's only tries continue to increase with time.
Service security is becoming a growing field as a server
security professional who wants to exhibit credibility and
professional professionalism.
Always leaving a good impression can help build trust report with
clients staying up to date and CERTIFICATIONS which show
knowledgeable and credibility.
Been engaged can help improve the awareness of potential
threats and spread the awareness and importance of security to
those individuals that are not too familiar with the topic.
The best practices will make you trustworthy and assist in the
reduction of security threats.
In the following slides, we are going to review some of the most
recent cyber security threats that we just mentioned and those
are.
Still on the first line.
Those are wrong.
Ransomware attacks Internet of Things, lot vulnerabilities,
social engineering and phishing supply chain attacks.
Air Power service, cyber threats advanced persistent threats Apps
Zero day exploits high security risks, mobile mower and both
abilities.
Insider threats, advanced fishing techniques, nation
states have attacks cryptocurrency related threats.
Internet of Things labornet realities.
We're a lot more vulnerabilities.
We guessable or hardcoded passwords in secure network
services and secure ecosystem interfaces.
Lack of secure update mechanisms.
Use of insecure or outdated components.
Insufficient privacy protection and secure data transfer and
storage.
Lack of device management that devices are vulnerable because
they lack the necessary built in security controls to defend
against threats.
The main reason for this is that constrained environments and
limited computational capacity of those devices since last
devices are typically typically low power, there are limited on
which functions can be executed.
Resulting and security controls there are often short.
Starting from the back noise, social engineering and phishing.
Verizons 2022 report shows the fishing accounts for 36% of all
data breaches and predicts that it ransomware or phishing attack
will occur every 11 seconds.
Fishing attacks often impersonate major brands, with
Amazon and Google at 13% Facebook.
And WhatsApp at 9% and Netflix and Apple at 2%, according to
the FBI's 2021 IC three report, phishing scams make up almost
22% of all data breaches, making it one of the most common
cybercrimes.
Furthermore, it was reported that in 2021 approximately 83%
of companies experience phishing attacks.
The reports by Acronis showed a 464% increase in email based
social engineering attacks this year from compared to the first
half of last year.
Supply chain attacks.
It's supply chain attack is a type of cyber attack that
targets weaker links in an organization supply chain.
Attackers.
In fact, they supplier suppliers, software or hardware
to gain unauthorized access to the network and distribute
malware.
This can cause severe data breaches that are difficult to
detect and mitigate as compromise components may have
already been widely distributed.
Supply chains attacks are executed in various ways,
including compromising software, tampering with physical
components, compromising firmware, using social
engineering techniques, and promising third parties.
And their scripting the supply chain, these are tags are highly
organized and sophisticated and can result in data theft system.
There's disruption or control.
And then we're right here.
We have the attacker using back doors.
Third party could be a vendor, the data flow and the target
organization.
Solar winds.
They Texas based company providing network management
software was hacked in 2020 by a group believed to be sponsored
by the Russian government.
The attackers inventoried solar winds production environment and
inserted malicious code into a software update, which resulted
in data breaches and security incidents for all customers who
rent the update.
The highly sophisticated attack used various techniques to
disguise the attackers activity and cover their tracks.
The attack is potentially one of the most significant in history,
with serious consequences, consequences for national
security and global economy.
Hey, I power, cyber threats.
Cyber criminals are employed employing AI to launch deep fair
tags, AI powered, password cracking, AI assisted hacking
and supply chain attacks.
Defect uses AI to craft manipulate audio visual media.
There appears authentic AI is also used to automate password
cracking, vulnerability scanning and malware development.
Supply chain attacks can result in financial loss, reputational
damage and theft of sensitive data.
Artificial intelligence AI is now one of the fastest growing
technologies used in server attacks.
Ironically, AI software was first created by experts for
cyber security to the tech cyber risk and attacks.
Yeah, I security can detect malware, cyber threats and take
automated action.
However, in the recent years, hackers have also learned how to
implement an API and their attacks.
It is now a battle of AI and it's uncertain Who Will Win.
Events persisted.
Advanced persistent threats.
APT or at it is type of attack where intruders infiltrate a
network and establish a long term secret process to steal
sensitive data.
Targets are usually large.
Enterprises or government networks consequences include
intellectual property, theft, compromise, sensitive
information sabotaged or criminal infrastructure, or even
total site takeovers after tax require planning and resources.
That's across our experience for metals backed by substantial
financial resources.
Unlike typical web application threads, appetites are more
complex and long term.
Once for infiltrated, the attackers remain in the network
together as much information as possible, and right here we have
the the steps of a Netflix app life cycle.
So would they exploits 0 day attacks?
Exports hardware.
Software vulnerabilities that are not yet known to the
developers.
Attackers use export code codes to steal data and infiltrate the
the user filters the user files, which can lead to cyber crime
when abilities can take time to discover and hackers are fast at
exploiting them through what they attacks are particularly
dangerous because only the attackers knows about them and
criminals can't wait for the most event adventure center
attack.
Cloud security risks cloud computing is facing significant
threats from data breaches, misconfigurations, ransomware,
attacks, malware, bot Nets, insider threats, data breaches
pose a significant threat to cloud computing.
Cyber criminals are expected to continue targeting the cloud to
gain access to sensitive information such as customer
data, financial records and property, business intelligence
and 2023 misconfiguration accounts for a large number of
cloud security incidents.
This ransomware attacks have been increasingly targeted,
targeting cloud environments, malware and botnets are a
persistent threats to cloud security are gonna Zionists need
to be vigilant against both external and internal threats to
cloud security.
Mobile malware and vulnerabilities mobile device
users are at risk due to mobile malware and vulnerabilities.
Here are some of the latest findings and trends. In 2023.
Zero day one over there.
These and you're malware like adware, ransomware and Trojans
droppers, are the worst as they impersonate apps still data and
install more malware, they cause 14% of the Android malware
detections.
Mobile devices, especially iOS, are prone to phishing attacks.
Attackers impersonate legitimate entities Sutric users into
revealing sensitive information or installing malicious
software.
Fishing can occur via email, SMS, or malicious websites.
The number of mobile targets phishing sites has grown 50%
from 2019 to 2021 and then we have the vulnerabilities.
Who was protected?
Google Project 0 found 18 chips born abilities affecting many
mobile devices, wearables and vehicles.
Malicious actors could export these to gain access to
sensitive data or take over the device.
Remoting all devices users in 2023 will face significant
significantly security risk staying safe and keeping your
device up to date to avoid unknown apps by being cautious
and suspicious.
Being cautious of suspicious links and messages and your
security software to help stay protected.
Insider threats cyber attacks involve theft that's pronounced
violence and sabotage of anything technology related.
Unintentional threats are non malicious exposure of an
organization's IT team.
Intentional threads are malicious actions by insiders to
the to disrupt operations and gain sensitive information.
Insider threats include violence, espionage, sabotage,
theft and cyber attacks.
Violence includes any behavior that creates hustle, work.
Environment has been asked involved spying to obtain
confidential information, while your sabotaged involves harming
and organizations infrastructure that refers through seating
money or intellectual property, cyber attacks include theft,
espionage, violence and sabotage.
Advanced phishing techniques.
Farmer directs traffic to malicious websites by changing
IP addresses shaming.
Fishing tends to text, send text from big sources, urging users
to provide sensitive information.
Missing impersonates credible organizations over the phone to
collect personal data.
So, Shanghai jacking still sessions tokens for unauthorized
access, content injection changes, content to way reliable
website with redirecting users to malicious pages.
But based delivery secretly gathers information shared
between the website and users during a transaction for
personal gain.
Fishing attacks are constantly evolving, becoming more and more
sophisticated and more common.
Protect your personal information by investing user
training and simulations and corporations.
Personnel are often the weakest link in terms of security
threats.
Simulation for some simulating training can help them
understand the risk and learn how to mitigate them
effectively.
Nation state cyber attacks recently we have had, uh these
two exploits.
Where the attackers are these experts to carry out cyber
espionage against the company and the error?
Not a core sector that is based in the US.
Their aim was to obtain sensitive information and data
related to the company's operations and activities.
Additionally, they made efforts to avoid being the detected and
removed by you utilizing camouflage techniques,
encryption, and practice tools.
Some actions to mitigate malicious cyber activity is past
patch all systems from from known exploited vulnerabilities
include firewall security appliances, monitor for
unauthorized use of remote access software, using endpoints
to detect their tools and remove unnecessary disable accounts and
groups from the enterprise.
There are no longer needed especially privileged accounts.
The currency related threats that are breaches exposed over
250,000 encrypted passwords, emails, phone numbers and IP
crypto exchanges and other financial services need top
notch security to prevent that of digital assets they're
jacking using malware to steal computing resources remains the
threat it affects computers performance, but doesn't steal
coins or information round somewhere. And exportation.
Extortion companies pay ransom to avoid operational
interruption losses, reputational damage and
penalties for their loss.
Attackers prefer digital currencies like Bitcoin to
remain anonymous.
With the currency, risk and threats are unlikely to
diminish, let alone disappear.
It is a responsibility of crypto owners to be aware of the
challenges.
Problems and issues that may encounter as they use this this
digital assets and or hold them as a store value.
Security risks and other micro level threats are not only
instead concerns to worry about, it is also essential to examine
the micro level, especially when it comes to government
regulations, their influence of Wales and technology hazards.
And this leads to my last slide, which is as we continue this
presentation, as we conclude this presentation, it is clear
that that the server thread landscape is becoming more
sophisticated and dangerous, building their robust cyber
security posture requires a multi phase approach that
integrates technology, education and color collaboration.
It is important for both in the originals and regard
organizations to be proactive, adapt to new threads and invest
in cyber security measures to protect our digital assets and
privacy.
It is important to remember that cybersecurity is an ongoing
process, not a one time event.
Keeping up to date?
Adapting the best practices and maintaining a watchful eye, we
can reduce our exposure to cyber threats and contribute to more
secure digital environment.
And then I have my preferences.
And that's it.
Another great job.
That's an interesting detail that you've got in there.
Thank you.
That's a lot.
Yeah.
I thought I was gonna be sure, so that's why I made it.
Kind of long, but.
I.
No, you did great.
We're good.
All right.
Sounds great.
Thank you.
Thank you so much.
You did a great job.
Any questions for Juan?
Or any of our speakers this evening.
OK.
Well, you guys all did.
Congratulations on doing your master class.
You did a great job.
Some of you may still have your second ones, and the list is out
there, so you can see what it is that you are reserved date for
these master classes of course are in the playlist and they
will all be on ah.
PGI pods, soon as I can get that updated.
But in the meantime, you guys did a great job.
I thank you so much.
Thank you everybody for joining.
I hope you enjoyed it as much as I did and have a great rest of
the evening.
Thank you.
Thanks for all the presentations guys.
Those are good.
Goodnight.